INFORMACIÓN SOBRE CONTROL MENTAL

PROYECTO MK-ULTRA

2010-06-20T20:16:00.000-07:00

Documental sobre el proyecto MK-Ultra, un proyecto que ha implicado a muchos científicos desde los años 50 del siglo XX.

EFECTO DE AUDICIÓN DE MICROONDAS

2009-08-06T14:43:00.000-07:00

El efecto de audición de microondas (microwave auditory effect)también conocido por el efecto Frey (Frey effect) es un efecto detectado por primera vez en la segunda guerra mundial por personas que trabajaban en las cercanías de los transpondedores (repetidores de radio especiales) de radar y consiste en sonidos audibles inducidos por impulsos de frecuencias de microondas. Los sonidos se generan directamente en el interior de la cabeza humana sin la necesidad de cualquier dispositivo electrónico.

Más tarde el neurocientífico americano Allan H. Frey estudió este fenómeno y fue el primero en publicar (Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 17, páginas 689-692, 1962) información sobre la naturaleza del efecto auditivo de microondas, este efecto es lo por tanto, también conocido como el efecto Frey.

El Dr. Don R. Justesen publicó "Microondas y comportamiento" (Microwaves and Behavior) en el American Psychologist (Volumen 30, de marzo de 1975, Número 3).

Las investigaciones realizadas por la NASA en la década de 1970 mostró que este efecto se produce como consecuencia de la expansión térmica de las partes del oído humano en torno a la cóclea, incluso a baja densidad de potencia. Más tarde, se encontró la señal de modulación para producir sonidos o palabras que al parecer se originan intracranealmente. Se estudió para su posible uso en las comunicaciones, pero no se ha desarrollado debido a los posibles efectos biológicos de la peligrosa radiación de microondas. Investigación similar realizada en la URSS estudió su uso en armas no letales.

La existencia de armas no letales que explotan el efecto auditivo de microondas se decretó como "Secreto clasificado" en los EE.UU. a partir de (al menos) 1998, la desclasificación fué el 6 de diciembre de 2006 de "Bioeffects of Selected Non-Lethal Weaponry" en respuesta a una solicitud de FOIA.
FOIA (Freedom of Information Act)

ARTÍCULOS RELACIONADOS:

VOCES EN LA CABEZA

Artículo de la BBC sobre el asesinato de la Ministra sueca A. Lind.

Artículo de la BBC

MIND GAMES BY WASHINGTON POST

MICROONDAS Y CONDUCTA

2009-08-06T12:02:00.000-07:00

EL SIGUIENTE ENLACE CONTIENE IMPORTANTE DOCUMENTACIÓN Y REFERENCIAS DE PUBLICACIONES CIENTÍFICAS SOBRE EL TEMA MICROONDAS Y CONDUCTA. LAS REFERENCIAS SON ANTIGUAS, DEMOSTRANDOSE QUE LA TECNOLOGÍA NECESARIA PARA PRODUCIR "VOCES EN LA CABEZA" EXISTE DESDE HACE AL MENOS 40 AÑOS PROBABLEMENTE MÁS.

MICROONDAS Y CONDUCTA

ESPERO QUE LOS QUE ACCEDAN A ESTE ENLACE, PUEDAN COMPRENDER LA IMPORTANTE INFORMACIÓN QUE SE ESTÁ OCULTANDO A LA SOCIEDAD Y EL PELIGRO QUE SUPONE EL USO CLANDESTINO DE ESTAS TECNOLOGÍAS CON SERES HUMANOS.

Referencia blibliográfica

2009-08-06T11:16:00.000-07:00

Los siguientes documentos son una copia de la revista American Psychologist. The Official Journal of the American Psychological Association de Marzo de 1975. En este artículo se explica el fundamento científico y tecnológico de la energía dirigida responsable de "oir voces en la cabeza". Esto demuestra que ya a mediados de los años 70, la tecnología existía y era conocida en los medios científicos. Las partes mas relevantes del artículo están marcadas. Por favor, pinchar las imágenes para agrandarlas.

Control mental del ordenador con BrainGate

2009-07-27T21:36:00.000-07:00

BrainGate es una nueva técnica destinada a ayudar a las personas con daños en la médula espinal. Consiste en la implantación de un chip de pocos milímetros en el cráneo del paciente que capta los impulsos eléctricos de su cerebro. Un ordenador se encarga de interpretar dichos impulsos como acciones.

Este informativo demuestra que la tecnología para descodificar los las perturbaciones electromagnéticas producidas por el cerebro al pensar, es una realidad. Pero para conocer la historía de estos avances en neurociencias leer el artículo de Washington Post : WASHINGTON POST: MIND GAMES

Realmente la tecnología para descodificar las perturbaciones electromagnéticas producidas por el cerebro existe desde hace décadas. La novedad es que ahora se está aplicando en medicina con la espectativa de incorporar estas tecnologías en la sanidad pública.

COMPRENSIÓN DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO

2009-07-22T16:32:00.001-07:00

A continuación un artículo titulado "Comprensión del sistema nervioso: Una perspectiva desde la ingeniería" de Sid Deutsch and Alice Deutsch

Source:Understanding the nervous system An engineering perspective, 1993 by Sid Deutsch and Alice Deutsch

In the extracts below the author mentions that some people fear that, somehow, their minds may be read from EEG signal recordings and then explains that this cannot be the case since the EEG signals only reflect some kind of crude average of the many unresolved cortical potentials.
I believe this is a representative view among the wellinformed and this is why I quoted it. Do note however, that the author in no way denies that by measuring those cortical potentials directly it becomes an entirely different mater.
There is also a passage stating that "..a dream remains the private property of its originator", which is credible in the context of EEG measurements, while this privacy does not extend to the context of direct connections to the nervous system.
The preface was quoted to give the reader an idea of what to expect, when actually consulting this source.
The title of the book is revealing and it is the kind of information an engineer, who has no access to classified information, will be looking for when contemplating the basic electronic aspects connected with cybernetic applications.
There is also a joking remark in the text advicing not to let a Ph D attach electrodes to a patient or anybody else.
Although it is stated jokingly I fear that in the context of these home pages, it might be interpreted to mean something else. Since I am in favor of legitimate uses of all kinds of advanced technology for the benefit of mankind, I feel compelled to state my view that as long as there is a proper communication with the patient, there is no reason to block the use of any particular type of useful technology.
There is no reason to add to the irrational fears among the public.
What people should be warned about is the genuine danger of secret uses of technology for obscure purposes.

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Preface

In 1987 a book that I wrote with Evangelia M-Tzanakou of Rutgers University, Neuroelectric Systems, was published by New York University Press. Sometime before this manuscript was completed it occurred to me that one ought to write a book, about the nervous system, for the lay person.

Of course, many books of this type have been written by life scientists, but a book written by a biomedical engineer would be different. Although some of my relatives and best friends are life scientists, there are two cultures. The world in general and the nervous system in particular look quite different to an engineer than they do to a life scientist.

I proceeded to generate a manuscript without equations (or, at least, nothing more complicated than Rate x Time = Distance). It was a challenge, a very enjoyable challenge, to explain the nervous system from an engineering perspective to the intelligent lay person. Alas, the manuscript was unpublishable. Even a literary agent did not help. Lay persons were undoubtedly interested in the nervous system, but not as seen through the eyes of an engineer.

Undaunted, I enlisted the aid of my daughter Alice, who is one of the life scientists that has a Ph.D. in biology. Alice made a semi-infinite number of changes, adding and subtracting so much material that it was only fair to call her a co-author. Unfortunately, this fooled nobody. The revised manuscript remained too heavily flavored by an engineering viewpoint.

Finally, I sent the manuscript to a publisher of engineering books - namely, IEEE PRESS. The PRESS's reviewers said, "Put the equations back, and you will have something that is viable!" I went even further-I cheerfully gathered up my favorite home work and exam questions, the residue of 25 years of teaching neuroelectric systems, and added Problems at the end of each chapter. (This includes answers to those exam gems that were formerly carefully guarded.)

One final change was made. One of the reviewers, Murray Eden of NIH, opined that most of the mathematics should be presented in appendix form at the end of each pertinent chapter. I am grateful to Dr. Eden for this excellent suggestion.

As the chapter headings indicate, the book begins with the basic components of the nervous system-with sensory receptors, neurons and their dendrites, and skeletal muscle circuits. This is followed by the more complicated auditory and visual systems. Finally, the climax - the brain - is considered. The 12 chapters correspond to a three-credit biomedical engineering course on the nervous system.

What is the engineering perspective? It is one in which each physiological system is simplified until it can be analyzed mathematically, followed by presentation as a simplified model.

The material in the book has been shaped by a myriad of students and colleagues-at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (now Polytechnic University) until 1972; at Rutgers University from 1972 to 1979; at Tel Aviv University from 1979 to 1983; and at the University of South Florida (as a "Visitor") since 1983. The manuscript was also modified in accordance with the helpful comments of some six "anonymous" reviewers, in addition to those of Dr. Eden.

I am thankful to the people of USF for their cooperation-especially Tom Smith and Dr. Elias Stefanakos of the Electrical Engineering Department, and Dr. Michael Kovac, Dean of Engineering. Special thanks are also due to the editorial staff of IEEE PRESS, notably Executive Editor Dudley Kay, Production Supervisor Denise Gannon, and Production Editor Karen Miller, without whose expertise this project could not have come to fruition.

Above all, Alice and I are grateful to Ruth, mother and wife, who was one of the "intelligent lay persons" who undertook to read the first few chapters of the first manuscript.

Sid Deutsch Sarasota, FL

Ever since I can remember, my father always answered my "why" and "how" questions about the world. No matter what he was doing, he always had time to give me a scientific explanation for some phenomenon of our environment. No question was ever answered by that oft-quoted phrase: "Look it up!" I still remember his description of Einstein's theory of relativity that we discussed when I was a preteen. When he came to me with the suggestion that I broaden his engineering interpretation of the nervous system, I was delighted. I saw this as my chance, in turn, to help him understand the whys and hows of the nervous system from the biologist's point of view. Biology relies so completely on experimentally proven facts. In contrast, I saw the book as a series of gross approximations about various aspects of the nervous system which had as starting points these facts. It was fascinating to me that in this way - using logical mathematical expressions and formulas - one could attempt to explain biological data. I suppose it is the dialectic of starting with some basic observations, developing a theory - in this case often a mathematical model - to explain the facts, and from this, designing better experiments so as to learn yet more facts which in turn will lead to a better mathematical description or model, and so on, until the "absolute" truth about the nervous system is known. It is my hope that this book will serve as a unique point of view about the nervous system that can stimulate both new research and new theories. I also hope that it can lead to a greater understanding of the nervous system by being valuable to both the bioengineer and the neurophysiologist.

Alice Deutsch New York, NY

- - -

1 - 3 (p 13)

...A "thought" that lasts for several seconds is the outcome of millions of cortical potentials chasing around inside the brain. A pair of electroencephalographic (EEG) electrodes attached to the head shows an unending stream of irregular discharges. It does not do much good to "think simple" during an EEG examination; the electrical signal remains incomprehensible. (Its magnitude is around 10 mV 1.)

[S. D. writes: "I once was approached by a patient who insisted that certain people were 'listening in' to his inner thoughts by analyzing his EEG signals, and that they were able to do this without even using electrodes. Alas, after many years of sophisticated monitoring of brain waves, one can only conclude that 'millions of cortical potentials are chasing around inside the brain'; the nature of the signal radically changes during trauma or epileptic seizures and during sleep, but a dream remains the private property of its originator."]

One final analogy may be helpful. Imagine that you are in a satellite looking down upon a large city. You cannot see individual people, of course. But if thousands of bodies march on the Capitol building, you may be able to see a blob, the integrated outcome of many individual images. Similarly, a pair of scalp electrodes can not "see" individual brain potentials on the other side of relatively thick skull bone. What it does see is the momentary movement of thousands of signals that happen to be "marching" in the same direction, but this direction changes many times in one second.

- - -

12-3 Electroencephalographic (EEG) Signals

In 1924, Hans Berger connected two electrodes (small, round, metal disks) to a patient's scalp and detected a feeble current by using a very delicate galvanometer. Berger thereby opened up a window on the brain. As electronic amplifiers and recording equipment came into common use, the brain signal - called an electroencephalogram (EEG) - became a major clinical tool of the neurologist [J. D. Bronzino, 1984; R. Elul, 1972; A. S. Gevins, 1984; A. S. Gevins et al., 1975; K. A. Kooi, R. P. Tucker & R. E. Marshall, 1978; M. Matonsek et al., 1967; G. Pfurtscheller and R. Cooper, 1975; A. Remond, 1971; E. Vaadia, H. Bergman & M. Abeles, 1989].

Five EEG records taken from a normal individual are shown in Fig. 12-4 [H. H. Jasper, 1941]. The time scale is given by the 1-s line at the bottom. The voltage scales are given by the 50- mV 1 lines at the right side. For this type of recording, the "hot" electrode is usually located on the back of the head, opposite the striate cortex, and the other on a neutral point such as an ear lobe. In order to get a good recording, one must of course make good contact with the skin. It is not necessary to shave the patient's head, but skin oil should be removed with a solvent. A conducting paste is applied to the electrode, which is held by a suitable strap or cap against the scalp. The neutral ear-lobe electrode can be held in place with a simple clip.

[S.D. writes: "When I was at the Rutgers Medical School in New Jersey, I designed equipment for telemetering 15 simultaneous EEGs to a receiver in an adjoining room, via FM, so that the animal or human patient could be

Fig. 12-4 Electroencephalographic recordings taken from a normal individual. For this type of recording, the "hot" electrode is usually located on the back of the head, the other on a neutral point such as an ear lobe. In the "relaxed" waveform the patient's eyes are closed. Notice the time and voltage scales: the 1-s line at the bottom and 50-mV 1 lines at the right side. (From Jasper, Epilepsy and cerebral localization, Thomas, 1941.)

free to move about. In the first test of the equipment I volunteered to be the patient. My neurologist friend and colleague insisted that the normal solvent treatment was inadequate for my oily skin, and proceeded to sandpaper my ear lobe until it bled. The recording was normal, but I was the buff of jokes for the next week or two about how my ear became bitten. The moral of the story-don't let a Ph.D. connect EEG electrodes to a patient or anybody else."]

The ear-lobe electrode does not pick up appreciable signals because it is relatively far away from electrical sources such as brain cells and muscle fibers; in fact, that is why it is considered to be a neutral point. The other electrode only "sees" the electrical activity in its immediate vicinity. To begin with, because of the thickness of scalp, muscles, skull bone, and mem- brane surrounding the brain, the electrode is around 1 cm away from the cerebral cortex. Signals from neurons deeper in the brain are rapidly attenuated as distance increases. The traces of Fig. 12-4 therefore reveal local happenings. The voltage from an individual neuron is far too small to show up on an electrode l cm away. What we are seeing are the voltages from thousands of neurons whose action or graded potentials happen to be headed in the same direction at the same time. It is somewhat like being up in a satellite and trying to see individuals on earth. If everybody in Times Square suddenly headed north, say, you could possibly see the flow in one direction. Normally, however, people moving one way cancel out the people moving in the opposite direction.

In the first waveform of Fig. 12-4, the patient is "excited" (but not agitated) in the sense that he (or she) is looking at the people in the room and listening to their conversations. To avoid interference from the APs that elicit muscle contraction, the patient is not talking or moving about. We see that the EEG is a weak (10 mV 1 ), chaotic signal. From the frequencies present in the trace, we can conclude that it is not derived from high-speed (100 meters/second (m/s» APs, which would induce relatively high frequencies as they fly by. It is not even derived from slow 1 m/s APs. The frequencies are reminiscent of the 0.1-m/s progression of a graded potential of maximum amplitude 20 mV as it is conducted along a dendrite: its neuron integrates many inputs to generate its own graded potential, and the latter is "leisurely"

transmitted to another dendrite via an electrical gap junction or via a chemical agent that diffuses across a synaptic junction.

The fear voiced by some individuals that the neurologist can read their "inner thoughts" is without foundation. Certain regularities can be observed if the person is looking at, say, a pattern of vertical stripes, but the same thought repeated over and over again merely results in a random, nonrepetitive and meaningless EEG pattern [Skeptical Jnquirer].

In the second waveform, which is "relaxed," the patient' s eyes are closed. This state gives rise to a relatively strong, nonsteady oscillation at around 10 Hz, known as the alpha rhythm [H. T. Castello, 1983; B. H. Jansen, 1985; J. G. Okyere, P. Y. Ktonas & J. S. Meyer, 1986]. The origin of the alpha rhythm is controversial, but it is probably connected to vision because it is strongest in the vicinity of the striate cortex. Especially mysterious is the fact that it vanishes when the patient opens his or her eyes and looks at the world about. A hypothetical explanation is offered at the end of this section.

As the patient progresses (or retrogresses) from relaxed to drowsy to asleep to deep sleep, radical changes in frequency and amplitude take place. "Deep sleep" displays slow waves, only a few cycles per second, of large amplitude (100 mV 1). The large amplitude indicates that entire sections of tissue beneath the electrode are undergoing the same electrochemical changes in unison. The slow waves hint at the relatively slow transport of jons. Perhaps the EEG is telling us that the debris following many hours of wakefulness is being removed and "normal" material is being replenished. Altematively, in Chapter II, it is suggested that self-organization lakes place during "quiet" periods such as sleep. These are relatively slow processes; the human cycle consists of 16 hours of alertness followed by eight hours of sleep (not all of it, of course, as "deep sleep") [A. R. Morrison, 1983].

The clinical value of the EEG comes from the fact that an abnormal waveform is correlated with abnormalcy underneath the electrode [N. I. Bachen, 1986; D. G. Childers et al., 1982; C. D. McGillem, J. I. Aunon & K.-B. Vu, 1985; N. H. Morgan and A. S. Gevins, 1986; G. Pfurtscheller,

UN MÉTODO DE ESTIMULACIÓN POR CONTROL REMOTO DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO

2009-07-22T15:17:00.000-07:00

Esta información procede de la revista de Biología y Medicina de la universidad de Yale. Precisamente la universidad donde el Dr. Delgado estaba trabajando, antes de aceptar la dirección de un equipo de investigadores en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid invitado por el Ministro del gobierno del Opus Dei de Franco, Villar Palasí, para investigar sobre estimulaciones cerebrales no invasivas (sin implantes).

From The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, Vol. 7, No. 1, October 1934, New Haven, Conn.
A METHOD FOR THE REMOTE CONTROL OF
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM*

E. LEON CHAFFEE AND RICHARD U. LIGHT

I. The History of Electrical Excitation

In his studies of function the physiologist has been greatly dependent on the basic sciences, not only in the attempt to identify the separate processes, but also in the interpretation of their actions. Particularly has this been true of investigations of the neuromuscular system, where electrophysics has paved the way to many important discoveries. It may even be said that the history of neurophysiology has been decided in large part by the development of electric-recording instruments on the one hand, and by the increasingly effective use of electric currents for stimulating on the other. As Adrian has written: "It would be hard to think of any other method which has done so much to show us how the body works, for it gives us a means of throwing a muscle or a nerve into activity at will by an agency which does no damage and can be precisely controlled." 1

The early developments of these two sciences went forward hand in hand, since many of the discoveries in electricity were due to the tell-tale sensations and spasms caused by the passage of a current;in the absence of precise instruments for measuring electrical currents, the unique susceptibility of the neuromuscular system to electrical excitation made it an indispensable detector. Thus it was that in 1746 a group af scientists in Leyden encountered unexpectedly the "capacity" of an electrified glass of water, because of the sudden shock which accompanied its discharge. The sensation was described vividly by one of the group: "Mr. Muschenbroeck, who tried the experiment with a very thin glass bowl, says, in a letter to Mr. Réaumur, which he wrote soon after the experiment,

* From the Cruft Laboratory of Physics and Engineering, Harvard University, and the Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine. A preliminary report of this method was published in Science, March 30, 1934, Vol. 79 pp. 299-300

YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, VOL. 7, No.2

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that he felt himself struck in his arms, shoulders and breast, so that he lost his breath, and was two days before he recovered from the effects of the blow and the terror. He adds, that he would not take a second shock for the kingdom of France." 24 In such manner began the history of electrical excitation, together with the recognition of the first known reservoir of electrical energy, the famed Leyden jar.

Medicine, in its traditional weakness, promptly embraced the new spark phenomenon as a therapeutic agent, and applied it with little hesitancy to human ailments. During the years which followed the announcement of the "Leyden Phial" there was a wave of new cures. Most of these hinged on the fantastic belief that if odoriferous medicines were confined in glass vessels, and the vessels were excited electrically, the .medicinal virtues would transpire through the glass to be absorbed by the patients in whose hands the containers were placed! 25 The fallacy of these ill-judged methods was soon to be exposed by the Abbé Nollet, 20 but the procedure of electrification meanwhile had been transferred directly to the patient, :and numerous cures of paralyses were being recorded. Among the most optimistic of the "electrotherapists" was John Wesley the divine who, although possessing neither medical nor scientific degrees, yet organized dispensaries for the treatment of disease, and used "this unparalleled remedy" as one of his principal therapeutic agents. His book, 31 published in 1759, is replete with miracles which tested the patience of men of stricter scientific discipline. The remedy fell into better hands when Jean Paul Marat adopted it in his lucrative medical practice, but he too wrote with an enthusiasm which exceeded the evident results. 21 In the hands of charlatans it was an ideal tool, and the notorious Graham, 29 who exploited the English public unmercifully, was the first of a never-ending succes sion of quacks who have used the mysterious nature of electricity to further their deceptions.

The interest of Benjamin Franklin in electrotherapy appeared at an early date, for in the early fifties he had gathered a number of paralyzed patients from eastern Pennsylvania for systematic daily treatment in his laboratory, by application of a series of condenser discharges of fairly high capacity. His battery of jars yielded sparks great enough to produce local hyperthermia, petechiae, and paræsthesias. Occasionally the treatments resulted in some increase

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ELECTRICAL EXCITATION 85

of voluntary motion, and he wrote to a friend: "These appearances gave great spirits to the patients, and made them hope a perfect cure; but I do not remember, that I ever saw any amendment after the fifth day; which the patients perceiving, and finding the shocks pretty severe, they became discouraged, went home, and a short time relapsed; so that in palsies, I never knew any advantage from electricity, that was permanent. And how far the temporary advantage might arise from the exercise of the patient's journey, and coming daily to my house, or from the spirits, given by the hope of success, enabling them to exert more strength in moving their limbs, I shall not pretend to say." 10 Sagacious Franklin! He recognized the effectiveness of this measure in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, but he held little belief in the wildly hailed specificity of its action.

It was logical that electric sparks should one day be applied to exposed nerves and muscles, and to Galvani and his' coworkers belongs the credit for this crucial experiment, which resulted in the discovery of the electrical excitability of nerves (1780-83 ). 12 It was an important finding, for not only did it open up new methods in the study of neurology, but it provided a detector of electric currents far better than tactile sensation, and thus paved the way for Galvani's second great contribution, the discovery of chemically generated electric current (1789). 13 The quantity of electricity necessary to evoke a convulsion in the freshly killed frog's leg is exceedingly minute, and Volta 30 found it to be 50 to 60 times less than that which could be detected by the most sensitive electrometer of the day, so that for 30 years the nerve-muscle preparation (called by Volta "the animal electrometer") occupied a unique position in the physicist's laboratory.

The rapidly growing science of electricity was soon to demand instruments of greater pre'cision, however, and the epochal work of Oersted 23 (1820) in linking the two forces of galvanism and magnetism provided a basis for the detection of a current by its magnetic effect. The instrument constructed on this principle was called a "galvanometer", and the appellation is proper not only for its descriptive force, but because the device marked the first advance over Galvani's other "meter", the animal electrometer.

At this time Magendie (1822), while utilizing the galvanic current to supplement his studies of the spinal roots, demonstrated

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that stimulation of the anterior roots causes muscular contraction and that of posterior roots sensation. 20 His studies were of fundamental importance to an understanding of the neurological structure, and they gave rise to a type of experiment which since has been steadily repeated: first, to reduce the activity of an organ through nerve section, and second, to increase its activity (or certain phases thereof) through nerve stimulation. This method has been at the root of much of our present knowledge of neurology, but it lacks a certain balance in that the results which follow division of a nerve are virtually permanent, whereas those attendant upon stimulation are of the briefest duration,-for the current can be applied only during the course of a surgical exposure.

It had not escaped the attention of Galvani that muscular contraction occurs at the beginning and at the end of current flow, while the muscle remains quiescent during the period of steady flow. This characteristic made possible a series of repeated stimuli from a source of interrupted current, and in 1845 DuBois-Reymond 6 began to apply the methods for generating alternating currents recently uncovered by Faraday to the uses of physiology. His device, an

induction coil with a magnetically driven breaker in the primary circuit, produced a series of closely spaced stimuli as the current went through its cycles. The frequency of the current pulses was varied in a rough way through adjustments of the spring tension, and the amount of current could be controlled by changes in the degree of magnetic coupling. This mechanism, simple and effective, is still to be found in every physiological laboratory today. It has,

however, three disadvantages: it operates at unknown frequencies, except when regulated by tuning forks; the precise current developed is unknown; and the wave-form used for stimulation is irregular and varies in shape from one coil to another and with varying conditions of use. The latter characteristic has come into much prominence of recent years, largely through the demonstrations by

Lapicque 17 and Keith Lucas' 19 of the quantity called "chronaxie", but even the careful studies of such men as Erlanger and Garrey 7 have not succeeded in stabilizing the output characteristics of the DuBois-Reymond (or "Harvard") coils. It is to be hoped, therefore, that the venerable induction coil will soon be supplanted by low-frequency oscillators employing thermionic vacuum tubes, so that investigations carried on in widely separated laboratories may

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ELECTRICAL EXCITATION 87

be reported in terms of the common units of electrophysics and thus be understandable to all.

Electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves has revealed the functions of many tissues, through the exaggerated activity of the parts to which they lead. However, nerves are merely conduction paths, and the controlling action is known to lie deeper, in the spinal cord or the brain. For many years, attempts had been made to elicit responses from the application of currents directly to the surface of the brain, but these resulted in failure until Fritsch and Hitzig 11 (1870) announced that electrical excitation of certain small areas of the cerebral cortex of the dog would give rise to muscular movements in the opposite side of the body. Much interest attaches to this finding, as it has led to the modern views of localization of cerebral function in the hands of Ferrier, 8 Beevor and Horsley, 2 Sherrington, 27 and the host of modern investigators, who have added definition to the picture of cerebral activity by the use of this method. The studies have not been confined to animals alone, however, for as early as 1909 Cushing 5 pointed to the results of electrical stimulation of the postcentral gyrus during the course of surgical removal of intracranial tumors.

As soon as one considers the use of stimulating currents in physiological investigations, he must choose between the employment of two closely spaced electrodes (bipolar) and the method of grounding the body to a large indifferent plate, leaving only one wire as an active electrode (monopolar). The relative efficacy of the two systems has been the cause of much controversy, although so far as the brain is concerned, it appears that properly constructed electrodes are as satisfactory in pairs as in a grounded circuit. 28 In peripheral nerve studies, however, an important distinction exists, for it must not be forgotten that Galvani's original experiments were made with monopolar stimulation; and that Volta's successful argument against "animal electricity" hinged on the application of both electrodes to the nerve, thus showing that a nervous impulse and not a conducted current traversed the remaining nerve trunk to set the muscle into contraction.

Until very recent years physiologists have been content to observe the effects produced by direct electrical excitation during the short period of a crucial experiment in the decorticate animal, or in one under general anæsthesia. With the growing recognition of the

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immense duties of the central nervous system in the regulation of autonomic functions, it has become apparent that no method of study can succeed in revealing these central controlling mechanisms, that does not permit the student to reproduce artificially a controlling force which is similar to the function under investigation. This conception is best examined by a comparative consideration of the motor apparatus, for in this system the activities are directive, precise, and capable of attaining full accomplishment in a few moments. They respond to individual electric stimuli, even under anæsthesia, and the shocks may be given with fair rapidity since the cycle of activity can be completed many times in the course of a second. Cerebral autonomic centers, on the other hand, are invested with the regulation of the ceaseless mechanism of internallife, in which changes are of degree and not of the fundamental act, and ebb and flow succeed each other at a comparatively leisurely pace. The very existence of higher autonomic centers has only been suggested, largely as the result of accident or disease, and they have proved extraordinarily refractory to experimental demonstration. It is quite possible that the difficulty rests with the investigative method employed, for not only does it lack the continuing character of automatism, but it is usually applied together with a general anæsthesia, the depressing action of which is exerted on the very region under consideration.

Several efforts have been made to simulate more nearly the functional character of these processes, as well as to reach the other neurological systems during their normal phases of activity. In 1915 Keeton and Becht 15 during an experimental study or the pituitary body in dogs, implanted some iron filings directly into the gland. The dogs were allowed to recover, and were then brought within the range of an electromagnet in the hope that local stimulation might occur at the site of the implanted iron. The experiment failed to demonstrate any resulting change and this was attributed to the weak magnetic fields available 16 although in any case there would have resulted only a movement of the filings (mechanical stimulation) and not an induced electric current. In Zürich, Hess 14 has developed a technic for bringing conducting wires out through the skin to form a direct electrical circuit, and his patience and thoroughness in handling this difficult method are an inspiration to those who visit his laboratory. In this country Mussen 22 Bradford Cannon, 3 and others have adopted similar means. These workers

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have succeeded in prolonging the duration of the experiment from a few hours at the time of the operation, to a period of several days after recovery. The drawback to the method lies in the wires and clamps used, which project through the skin, and are therefore susceptible to accident and facilitate infection, so that it is seldom that the experiment can be continued longer than two or three weeks. Furthermore, the arrangement requires the constant watch and restraint of the animal during the time that wires are connected to the source of current, so that the subject does not enjoy real freedom, nor can the experiment be adjusted to the changing phases of physiology.

The germ of a new bio-electric relationship seems to have been demonstrated by Feser, 9 who reports the successful transmission of radio waves to an exposed nerve-muscle preparation, without the use of any receiving "pick-up" mechanism other than the nerve itself, which he believes acts as a dipole antenna. His experiments, which deserve more thorough substantiation, may prove useful to analytical studies of the nervous impulse.

The development toward which all of these experiments point is the complete separation of the animal from restraint. The complications of the sterile surgical field, and the time limit set by the operative procedure, must be avoided. Anæsthesia, which suppresses many functions, should not be used during the investigation of the nervous system, yet the animal must not be led into awareness of the experiment through pain or restraint. Under the best conditions, the animal would be allowed to lead a normal life throughout the duration of the experiment, without interference of eating and drinking, sleeping, or exercising. The actual excitation should be confined to the small area of the nervous system under consideration and be applied without rear or current spreading. Since the degree or stimulation depends in part upon the current density in the excited tissue, and also on the manner in which the current varies with time4 these factors must be under ready control or the operator. Because, too, the character or the response is orten dependent on the number or times per minute or per second that the stimulus is repeated, provision must be made ror accurate and rapid adjustments of the rate or stimulation.

With these difficult requirements in mind, the junior author enlisted the aid or Proressor Chaffee in designing a circuit which would be simple, effective, and durable and which would incorporate precision methods of electrophysics, so that subsequent physiological analysis might rest on ground as secure as possible.

Professor Chaffee has taken keen interest in the problem, and gives in the next section his development of the circuits employed.*

*The apparatus requires the use of a small secondary coil, implanted in the animal during a preliminary surgical operation. It is of interest that during the past year two other groups have also come independently to the use of buried collodion-coated coils for this purpose- Loucks, 18 in Baltimore, during an attempt to test the effect of repeted cerebral stimuli in creating conditioned reflexes, implanted small coils beneath the cervical skin of dogs, which received current through inductive coupling to a primary coil tied to the dog's neck. Fender and Scott (Rochester, New York) have informed us of tests coducted with an apparatus in which a primary coil of several hundred turns surrounds a small box, while the terminals of the imbedded secondary coil are led to a vasomotor nerve.

II Design and operation of the apparatus.

In order to produce electrical stimulation a current of electricity is caused to flow through the tissue to be excited, the degree of stimulation being dependent upon the maximum current density and the way the current varies with time. The exciting current is caused to flow between two electrodes applied to the tissue by connecting the electrodes to some source of electrical energy, such as a battery, an induction coil, or a source of alternating current. If the nerve or muscle being excited is excised or is a part of anaesthetized animal, the connecting wires from the preparation to the electrical source cause little or no interference or inconvenience. If, however, it is desired to study the effect of stimulating definite portions of the brain or nervous system of an animal in its normal state and perhaps over extended periods of time, connecting wires cannot be employed. The method to be described permits stimulation through an electromagnetic connection instead of by a physical connection, and hence eliminates the undesirable features of previous methods.

An important feature of the method to be described in this paper is that fairly exact knowledge of and control of the intensity and wave form of the stimulating current are possible.

Principle of the Method. The bare principle of operation of the method is briefly as follows: A large condenser, charged from a source of direct current, is periodically discharged through a few turns of primary coil three or more feet in diameter. This discharge is very intense, amounting to about a thousand amperes, although of short duration.The resulting intense magnetic field produced by this discharge induces an electromotive force in a sterile secondary coil of many turns of fine wire implanted beneath the skin of the animal located withon the large primary coil. One terminal of the secondary coil is connected to a silver plate imbedded anywhere in the moist tissue of the animal. This electrode is inert with respect to stimulation effects. The other terminal of the coil is led by a fine insulated wire to a spot to be stimulated. Only a small area approximately equal to the cross section of this wire makes

[C2 100 pF
R2' 10000 ohms
C2' 0.05 uf
L2 2000 turns 0.17 H // 700 ohms
E0 5 kW at 500V
R0=50-30000 carries 10 A and dissipates all the power]
Fig 1. Schematic Circuit Diagram.

contact with the tissue. The potential induced in the secondary coil causes current impulses to flow between the two electrodes. The current density is maximum at the exposed surface of the fine wire electrode and hence, if the current is not too great, stimulation is confined to a very small volume of tissue at the end of the stimulating electrode.

The two coils described sbove are actually the primary and secondary coils of an induction coil, the secondary coil being entirely embedded inside the animal. In order, however, that sufficient potentials be produced in the secondary coil the electrical elements must have quite different characteristics from those of the ordinary induction coil.
A simplified wiring diagram of the essential elements of the system is shown in Fig 1 Letters L1 and R1 indicate the inductance and resistance of the large primary coil.*
* In the mathematical analysis to follow L1 and R1 stand for the inductance and resistance of the entire primary circuit.

C1 is a large condenser charged from a source of power of voltage E0 through the variable resistance R0. The condenser C1 is discharged periodically through L1 by means of a contacting device S which closes and opens the circuit at an adjustable frequency. The secondary coil has inductance indicated by L2 and resistance indicated by R2. The coil and wires have a certain distributed capacitance represented by the ditted condenser C2, The conduction path through the tissue being stimulated has a resistance R2', and an equivalent series capacitance C2' which is due to the electrolytic polarization at the terminals

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[skipping the rest of p 92]

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ELECTRICAL EXCITATION 93

The resistance of the primary circuit varies with the number of turns in the primary coil and also with the frequency because of increasing skin effect with increasing frequency. The resistance of the entire primary circuit, exclusive of the interrupter S, was measured by means of a resonance bridge at the resonance frequency of the circuit. The results are given in Table II:

TABLE II
RESISTANCE AND FREQUENCY OF PRIMARY CIRCUIT
C, = 73.8mf
Primary coil 36 inches diameter.
Frequency in cycles Resistance
Turns per second of circuit
Turn 2
Frequency in cycles per second 5030

Resistance of circuit 0.011 ohms

Turn 3

Frequency in cycles per second 3740

Resistance of circuit 0.015 ohms

Turn 4

Frequency in cycles per second 2950

Resistance of circuit 0.021 ohms

The strength of field varies with position inside the primary coil, but as shown later the variation is most rapid near the periphery. The variation of field was found not to be excessive within a cubic cage 20 inches on a side placed within a coil 36 inches in diameter. Monkeys and small baboons can live comfortably in such a cage. With this experimental arrangement voltages as high as 110 volts could be obtained in the secondary coil, which indicate that a considerably larger primary coil can to advantage be used, permitting either a larger cage or a smaller variation of field within the same cage. The interrupter S was first a mechanically operated contact between large silver-tipped terminals. Sparking rapidly spoils such a contact. For this reason and also to eliminate the noise of the contactor, a special mercury-pool vacuum tube was used with circuits to be described later. This tube, type FG 158, is a new development of the General Electric Company and at the request of the company details of construction cannot be given at this time. The characteristics of the tube are as follows: When the tube is not conducting its resistance is very great. Conduction through the tube is initiated by impressing a high potential from an induction coil

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94 YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

between the mercury pool and an outside band of metal surrounding the tube just above the mercury. The resistance of the tube rapidly drops to a very low value as the current attains values of the order of a thousand amperes. The resistance of the tube varies with the current but the voltage drop across the tube is approximately constant at about 14 volts during conduction.

Resistance R, is variable from a minimum of about 50 ohms to a maximum of about 30,000 ohms. This resistance is made up of several units, and each unit must have adequate current-carrying capacity because practically all of the power supplied by the generator Eo is lost in this resistance. The low values of resistance can carry up to 10 amperes and dissipate five kilowatts of power. The source of power Eo is capable of delivering up to 5 kilowatts at 500 volts.

The design of the secondary coil to be implanted in the subject depends upon many factors. The physical dimensions are limited on the one hand by the size and shape that can conveniently be implanted, while on the other hand the magnitude of electrical potential produced for stimulation depends in part upon the area of the coil and the cross section of the winding space. The coil adopted for implanting in a circular hole cut in the skull of a small monkey has an outside diameter of 1.5 " and a thickness of 0.125" with a winding depth in a radial direction of 0.25". Such a coil is shown in Fig 2.

The number of turns of wire with which the secondary coil should be wound to give the best results is best determined by mathematical analysis to be given later, and depends upon the frequency used and the resistance R'2 of the tissue between the terminals. The standard coil adopted for most of the experiments has 2000 turns of No. 40 (B & S gauge) enamelled copper wire. Such a coil has an inductance of 0.17 henries and a resistance of 700 ohms. For the same winding space the inductance and resistance are practically proportional to the square of the number of turns.

Fig 2. Secondary Coil.

[Repeating some data from the text below
silver plate 0.5", platinum wire 2.5" coated along its length appart from the electrode tip having a crossection of 0.0000497 inch2= 0.000321 cm2, primary discharge:frequencies 2.4 -5 kHz, rep rate up to 14 Hz linear and above that chaotic. The maximum value of the current density at the stimulating electrode is the peak potential divided by R2' and by the crossectional area of the wire electrode. For example if the peak potential is 10V and R2' is 10000 ohms the peak current density is 3.12 A/cm2]

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ELECTRICAL EXCITATION 95

The ends of the coil are soldered to short lengths of No. 32 platinum wire; the joint and inner ends of the platinum wire are securely bound to the coil with silk thread; and then the coil is impregnated and coated with collodion. The platinum-wire leads previously enamelled are also covered with a fairly thick insulating coat of collodion. One platinum wire is cut to a length of approximately 1¼ inches and soldered to a plate of silver ½ inch square. The other platinum-wire terminal is approximately 2½ inches long and is coated throughout its length, the only area exposed being the cross section of the wire at the perpendicularly cut end. This area is 49.7 X 10-6 sq. inches, or 3.21 X 10-4 cm2. The distributed capacitance of the secondary coil in air is approximately 12 micro-micro-farads (mmf), but when the coil and its wire terminals are immersed in a 1/10 normal KCI solution to simulate the tissue in which the coil is implanted, the distributed capacitance represented by C2 of Fig. 1 is about 100mmf. Each inch added to the length of the pair of terminal wires adds approximately 5mmf to the distributed capacitance. The electrical path through the tissue between the terminals of the secondary coil possesses resistance and capacitance. The capacitance is partly polarization capacitance at the interface between the tissue and the stimulating electrode, and undoubtedly partly capacitance due to the cell walls in the tissue. The capacitance and resistance vary with the potential applied across the tissue path and to some extent with the frequency. At a single frequency we can approximately represent the electrical characteristics of the tissue by a resistance R'2 in series with a capacitance C'2 as indicated in Fig. 1. A number of measurements were made by means of a bridge of the resistance R'2 and the capacitance C'2 between copper wires of various sizes and a plate, the wires and plate being imbedded in various locations in the brain of an anæsthetized monkey. The values of R'2 and C'2 found varied considerably for the same size wire, due probably to varying amounts of moisture at the end of the wire electrode. Average values for R'2 and C'2 for a No. 32 B & S wire are 10,000 ohms and 0.05 mf. If R'2 is larger C'2 is less, their product being approximately constant. Since a knowledge of the values of these two quantities is essential to determining the intensity of stimulation, a method will be given later of measuring R'2 and C'2 in situ.

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[Skipping p 96-118. On p 118 -119 the Triple discharge circuit in fig 15 is discussed

A single circuit produces impulses varying widely depending on the orientation. The Triple Discharge Circuit is a generalized method that uses three perpendicular circuits excited in such a way that the stimulating current varies between 0.7 and 1 of maximum and the wireless connection to the experimental animal becomes correspondingly more stable]

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118

FIG. 13. Three Primary Coils.

FIG. 14. Cage Inside Primary Coils.

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119

FIG. 16. X-ray film of a coil implanted in a young baboon. The coil occupies a space in the left occipital region from which a circular area of bone has been removed. The silver plate lies behind the scalp, and the platinum wire terminal, insulated except at its tip, is resting in the hand area of the right motor cortex.

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FIG. 15. Triple Circuit Diagram .

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120

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III. EXPERIENCES WITH THE APPARATUS IN USE

The examples which follow indicate something of the practical use of the method, although many of the tests were made early in its development. Experiments with motor and sensory nerves gave evidence that the mechanism was operating as planned, and also afforded an excellent check on the surgical technic. A cerebral implantation was then carried out with the coil inserted in place of a

ELECTRICAL EXCITATION 121

circular area of cranium, as shown in Fig. 16, and the active terminal was laid on the motor cortex. Again the result was definite, with the appearance of an unexpected relationship between the frequency of impulses and the character of the response, to be described in the third protocol. One example is given of implantation in a "silent" center, and another shows the effects of vagal excitation, but thus far attention has been directed chiefly toward the development of a system which would prove easy to control in the situations in which the result was predictable.

Experiences with these animals have made it plain that the experimenter must be able not only to control the various factors of his circuit, but must have accurate indicators for these during the progress of the experiment. It follows from Professor Chaffee's description that the duration of the stimulus depends upon the resonance frequency of the primary circuit, a factor which can be found either by calculation or by bridge measurements. The frequency of repetition of the stimulus can now be measured directly on an ammeter and the cumbersome stroboscopic unit has been discarded except for calibration of the ammeter dial. The voltage of stimulation from the buried coil is measured by feeding the current pickup from a duplicate coil into a vacuum-tube voltmeter, but the determination is complicated somewhat by the changes of resistance between the buried electrodes, which must first be determined on an impedance bridge. From a knowledge of these elements the current density can be computed.

In spite of the fact that the central autonomic system was our first goal, the apparatus cannot be considered to have anyone special field of usefulness. The dramatic duplication of the picture of epilepsy during remotely controlled stimulation of the cerebral cortex has thrown emphasis to the possibilities of restudying other neurological functions. Most localization studies have been carried out under the handicaps of the older methods, and it is probable that not only in the case of the motor cortex, but in the spinal cord and peripheral nerves as well, new characteristics may be brought out by properly regulated stimulation given during the course of the ordinary day's living.

Protocols

Excitation of a pure motor nerve (hypoglossal) in a dog by induction of current into a secondary coil implanted in the neck.
On November 3,

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122 YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

1933, a medium-sized dog was operated on under nembutal anæsthesia and the right hypoglossal nerve was exposed and stimulated for identification with the ordinary close-coupled inductor. A small secondary coil was inserted into a recess in the subcutaneous tissue and the platinum electrode was brought to rest just within the nerve sheath. The indifferent electrode, which consisted of a silver plate ½ inch square, was laid beneath the subcutaneous tissue.

The coil and its wires were fastened in place by silk sutures and the wound was closed. Before outlining the results obtained with this implanted coil, it is worth while to describe the apparatus in use at the time. The primary coil consisted of two turns and its diameter was one foot. The discharge mechanism was operated by a small electric motor driving through two cams. When one of these raised a tappet the line current (220 v.) was connected with the condensers (80 mf.). After the condensers were charged the charging current was disconnected by opening this contact, and the second cam came into position and joined the capacitors with the primary coil through which the discharge then occurred. With this arrangement (and three pairs of inter changeable gears interposed between the electric motor and the cam assembly) it was possible to vary the frequency of discharge from individual impulses spaced three or four seconds apart, up to a frequency of about 20 discharges per second. At these higher speeds the mechanism was noisy and much heat was generated at the contacts, although these were constructed of ½ inch silver discs. Continued operation of 10 or I5 minutes at this speed resulted in the disintegration of the contacts and it was required that they be renewed during the experiment. A commutating mechanism of this type was therefore wholly inadequate for voltages which were used subsequently (450 v.) and for operating speeds of 50-100 per second, and the mechanism was discarded in favor of a vacuum-tube design.

However difficult was the manipulation and maintenance of this apparatus, it still served to demonstrate that the principle could be successfully applied. Stimulation experiments were carried out in this animal both at the conclusion of the operation (with anæsthesia still present) and on the following day. The results differed little, except for the opportunity for observing the animal's own reaction to the unexpected muscular movements of the tongue. The primary coil was brought to a position parallel with the implanted coil and separated from it by about 12 inches. It was found that the right half of the tongue responded to individual discharges as slowly as they might be given. As the frequency of discharge* was increased the muscle still gave individual contractions for each impulse given, until the rate

* "Frequency of discharge" refers to the number of times per second that the condensers are charged and discharged;-not to the self-tuned frequency of the circuit, which is of the order of 3000 cycles.
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ELECTRICAL EXCITATION 123

reached 15 per second. Above this rate the response appeared to be tetanic in nature. During the tests made on the day after operation, the animal stood quietly and was not disturbed by the experience. He made no attempt to draw away from the primary coil and was not alarmed by the unusual motion of the tongue.

2. Stimulation of the vagus nerve (thoracic portion) of a dog with simultaneous collection of the gastric juice. On November 9, 1933, an operation was performed under sodium amytal anæsthesia on a dog of medium size to expose the lower portion of the esophagus through a transthoracic approach. The intercostal muscles were divided between the 6th and 7th ribs in the right axillary line and the ribs were separated. The pleura was opened and lobes of the right lung held back with gauze packs. The vagus nerves were identified on the lower esophagus, where they consist of anterior and posterior trunks. A small secondary coil was implanted outside the chest wall just posterior to the incision and the indifferent electrode was placed in the subcutaneous tissue. The active terminal was brought between the ribs and made to lie along the posterior border of the thorax where its tip was sutured so as to be in contact with the posterior branch of the vagus nerve after a small incision was made in the nerve sheath. The electrode lay about 1 ½ inches above the diaphragm. Careful closure was carried out.

On the following day the dog was awake and moving around actively. The wound was dry, and the buried coil there was not evident except on palpation through the skin. A stomach tube was passed and a fasting specimen of gastric juice was obtained. This was of small amount (2.5 cc.) and showed no free acid but contained a total acidity of 70°. Stimulation was then begun (10: 15 A. M.) at a rate of 15 impulses per second for an uninterrupted period of 5 minutes. No abdominal or diaphragmatic muscle spasm was seen and the dog apparently was not aware of the act of stimulation. Two minutes after the stimulation was started gastric juice began to flow from the tube and for fifteen minutes the flow continued intermittently, without the necessity for application of negative pressure to the tube. Stimulation was halted at 10:20 and at 10:30 forty cubic centimeters of light-brown, watery gastric juice had been collected, which was found to be devoid of free acid, but with total acidity of 120°. At 10:50 a third specimen was withdrawn (26 cc.) without free acid, and with 115° total acid. A second period of stimulation was carried out from 10: 50 to 10: 55 at a rate of 18 impulses per second. On this occasion it was noted that violent peristalsis began two minutes after stimulation was started and continued for 20 minutes. This was so active that not only could it be heard through the stethoscope, but it was visible over the entire surface of the abdomen. No bowel movements occurred, nor was there diarrhea following the experiment. At 11:05, 21 cc. of gastric juice had been collected and showed total acidity of 115°.

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The last specimen was taken at 11:20 and amounted to 13 cc. with free acid of 10° and total acid 105°.

It was recognized at the time of operation that the respiratory movements of the esophagus and diaphragm were of such magnitude that the tiny wire which was sutured to the vagus nerve on the esophagus would not remain in place long without being broken, and an attempt at stimulation on the fifth postoperative day bore out this prediction. The use of fine wire-stranded cable has been suggested by F. A. Fender, to permit mobility without breakage, but it is probably true that an experiment of long duration can be carried out best with this system when the coil and its terminals are implanted in rigid locations such as the skull, the posterior portion of the thorax, and the pelvis. In the case of the vagus, the nerve should be partially transplanted to a retropleural position. This form of study of the action of the vagus and the splanchnic nerves should yield important information concerning the nature of digestion, for it thus provides the means whereby stimulation can be applied in the conscious vegetating animal during the actual time that the various digestive phases are under way. It should also prove of value in identifying the effects of long-continued excessive vagus and splanchnic activity in relation to the problem of peptic ulcer, and perhaps to other disease processes within the abdomen.

3. Stimulation of the motor cortex of a Mocacus rhesus. On April 27, 1934, operation was performed on an immature monkey under sodium amytal anæsthesia. A left fronto-parietal flap was lifted back, and a coil was implanted in a second opening made by removing a circular area of bone in the right occipital region. The broad plate terminal was laid outside the dura, and the left motor cortex was explored with the active electrode. The operative procedure had been simplified by constructing a special wooden operating table on the under surface of which was fastened the primary coil of the discharge mechanism. The magnetic field extended well above the level of the animal's head, so that with the mechanism in operation currents were generated in the small coil without the necessity of bringing wires into the sterile field. The platinum terminal was laid in the hand region of area 4. Two weeks later recovery Was complete, and the first tests were made. The machine was set to give impulses at 14 per second. So soon as the circuit was thrown into operation, the animal's right arm went into adduction and extension, and the reaction was so pronounced that the current was stopped after only two seconds of stimulation had been received. The right arm continued spastic, and developed a tremor which spread in Jacksonian style to

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involve the entire right side of the body. The seizure lasted nearly a minute, but recovery was fairly prompt. After a short rest, stimulation was repeated at the same rate, for a period of 30 seconds. The response in the right hand began immediately, and within 3 or 4 seconds the entire right side was in clonic motion. Very quickly he collapsed to the floor of the cage, and a rhythmical motion (3 or 4 twitches per second) appeared in both arms and both legs. To all appearances he was unconscious, and was breathing noisily, while the face bore a deep cyanotic appearance. In his convulsive motions he struck the back of the head against the cage, and drew a little blood. The seizure subsided gradually over a period of two minutes; he lay quietly for a moment, and then awakened and rose. He was very unsteady on his feet for 15 or 20 seconds and fell down several times, looking as if bewildered. A minute later he was completely normal again. Although it is impossible here to give a full description of the experiences with stimulation of the motor cortex in conscious animals, it is worth noting that the rate of stimulation affects the type of response. So long as the rate is kept below 12 or 13 impulses per second, the response from area 4 consists of discrete muscular contractions which appear coincident with the firing of the tube. When the rate of discharge rises above this level, the response affects more distant areas, and may be either a unilateral or a completely bilateral seizure. Furthermore, the rhythm of shaking becomes about 3 movements per second, instead of small fibrillary twitches in time with the succession of electrical stimuli. This sharp change in response, which occurs while the voltage, current density, and duration of stimulus are kept constant, but when the rate of stimulation is increased, suggests strongly the importance of investigating the counteractive effects of drugs commonly used to reduce or prevent epileptic attacks, while maintaining careful control of the electrical constants of the circuit.

4. Investigation of the left premotor area of cortex in a Macacus rhesus (3.5 kg.). The coil was implanted in this animal on May 7, 1934, under light ether anæsthesia. A left boneflap was made, as well as a circular craniotomy on the right for the coil, and the premotor area was identified with a platinum electrode before finally suturing it in place. When the stimulus was applied to area 4 (Brodmann's classification), the response was immediate, in the form of jerky motions of the opposite side synchronous with the current surges from the condensers. As the electrode was moved forward into area 6 the response in the opposite arm became more delayed, like a slowly twisting

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cramp, with a distinct tendency to continue after the current had ceased. The terminal was placed upon the premotor hand area, a centimeter rostral to the edge of area 4.

The animal recovered from the operation without incident, and on May 24th was first studied with the stimulation device, before a gathering of the Halsted Club. The reactions are described in the words of Dr. William Mahoney, who conducted the experiment: The animal was placed within the magnetic field and a rate of stimulation of 12 impulses per second was given. Almost immediately there began a series of chewing and tonguewagging motions. Nothing else happened for a time, but after a minute or perhaps longer the right hand began to assume the position shown in such pictures as are usually presented in text-books for "cerebellar hand," that is, extension of the hand combined with flexion at the wrist. Shortly afterward there appeared clonic motions of the arm, and the animal whirled about on its ischial protuberances and fell to its right side. The clonic jerks then extended into the right leg. The stimulus was stopped after about two minutes, but the seizure persisted for a minute longer, and involved the left side of the body as well as the right side. Then for a time he lay on the left side with the left arm and leg extended, and the right arm and leg flexed. There was no deviation of the eyes, nor anisocoria, and adversive movements of the head were not noticed. Gradually he relaxed, and arose to a sitting posture, but he appeared dazed. The face was flushed, and for a few minutes the right hand hung limply as he moved about. He had voided at the beginning of stimulation.

5. Experiments with a monkey in which an electrode was inserted in the hypothalamus. On Nov. 17, 1933, an adult male Macacus rhesus weighing 6.5 kg. was operated on under sodium amytal anæsthesia, and a coil was placed in a circular opening in the calvarium. The indifferent electrode was laid beneath the scalp, and the active platinum electrode was brought forward over the surface of the frontal lobe, which was elevated to permit insertion of the wires into the tissue just anterior to the optic chiasm. The tip of the wire was pushed backwards about 1 cm. from this point into the hypothalamus.

Ten days later wound healing was complete, and the animal was stimulated for a period of ten minutes at 10 impulses per second. At first he was restless and moved about the cage, then he became quiet, and yawned several times. There was no urination, pupillary change, nor bowel movements. He remained quiet until the end of the period. Two minutes after stimulation ceased the animal became drowsy, and his head drooped. It was difficult to arouse him with a stick, although five minutes later he woke up for a short time and took interest in his surroundings. His head was soon down again, and for 5 minutes he appeared to be asleep. He was finally aroused by a noise, but not until 30 minutes after the stimulation did he become bright and active.

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On a second period of stimulation the same results followed, but we noticed also that there was a general vasodilatation over the entire skin which faded out as the current was stopped, and started when it was recommenced.

In summary a method is presented for the study of excitable regions in the nervous system during the normal life of an animal. It employs two coils which are actually the primary and secondary elements of an induction coil. The secondary coil is entirely imbedded inside the animal and the primary coil is of large size and carries currents of high peak value. The animal is permitted to live comfortably within a cage through which passes the magnetic field from the primary coil. Stimulation occurs at one of the terminals of the secondary coil which can be placed in any portion of the central or peripheral nervous system. A description is given of the electrical circuits employed and several examples are cited to indicate the range of usefulness of the apparatus.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) Adrian, E. D.: The Mechanism of Nervous Action. Philadelphia, Univ. of Penn. Press, 1932, p. 3.
2) Beevor, A. and Horsley, V.: A minute analysis (experimental) of the various movements produced by stimulating in the monkey different regions of the cortical center for the upper limb, as defined by Professor Ferrier. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, 1887,178B, 153-67.
3) Cannon, B.: A melhod of stimulating autonomic nerves in the unanæsthetized cat with observations on the motor and sensory effects. Am. J. Physiol., 1933, 105, 366-72.
4) Cole, K. S.: Electric excitation in nerve. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 1933, 1,1-13.
5) Cushing, H.: Faradic stimulation of postcentral gyrus in conscious patients. Brain, 1909, 32, 44-53.
6) DuBois-Reymond, E.: Untersuchungen über thierische Elektricität. Berlin, 1848.
7) Erlanger, J. and Garrey, W. E.: Faradic stimuli: A physical and physiological study. Am. J. Physiol., 1914, 35, 377-473.
8) Ferrier, D.: The Functions of the Brain. G. P. Putnam's Sons, N. Y., 1880.
9) Feser, J.: Drahtlose Reizung der Froschnerven mittels elektrischer Wellen. Deut. tierärtz. Wchschr., 1930, 38, 23-4.
10) Franklin, B., in a Jetter to Dr. Pringle, read before the Royal Society, Jan. 12, 1758. Quoted in part in (2), pp. 412-13. Reprinted in full in The American Museum: or Repository of Ancient and Modern Fugitive Pieces, etc., Prose and Poetical. 1789, 6, 53-4.
11) Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E.: Ueber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshims. Archiv. f. Anat., Physiol. u. wissen. Med., Leipzig, 1870, p. 300.
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128 YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

12) Galvani, Luigi: Collezione delle Opera, Bologna, 1841, pp. 17-27. [See also:] Dalton, J. C.: The experimental Method in Medical Science. Lecture 1. Galvani and Galvanism in the Study of the Nervous System. N. Y., G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1882.
13) Galvani, Luigi: De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari, Commentarius. Bologna, 1791.
14) Hess, W. R.: Beiträge zur Physiologie des Hirnstammes. 1. Teil. Die Methodik der lokalisierten Reizung und Ausschaltung subkortikaler Hin abschnitte. Leipzig, 1932.
15) Keeton, R. W. and Becht, F. C.: The stimulation of the hypophysis in dogs. Amer. J. Physiol., 1915, 39, 109-22.
16) Keeton, R. W.: Personal communication to Dr. William Mahoney, April, 1934.
17) Lapicque, L., and Lapicque, Mme. L.: Sur la forme de la loi d'excitation electrique exprimee par la quantite. Reponse a M. Hoorweg. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., 1905, 58, 668-70.
18) Loucks, R. B.: Preliminary report of a technique for stimulation or destruction of tissues beneath the integument and the establishing of conditioned reactions with faradization of the cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Psychol., 1933, 16, 439-44.
19) Lucas, K.: The conduction of the nervous impulse. London, 1917.
20) Magendie, F.: Experiences sur les fonctions des racines des nerfs rachidiens. J. de Physiol. Exper. et Path., 1822, t. ii, p. 276.
21) Marat, J. P.: Memoire sur l'electricite medicale. Paris, Méquignon, 1784.
22) Mussen, A. T.: Cerebellum and Red Nucleus: A preliminary report on a new method of physiologic investigation. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat., 1934, 31, 1 10-26.
23) Oersted, H. C.: Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acum magneticam. Copenhagen, 1820.
24) Priestley, J.: The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments. London, 1767, p. 83.
25) Ibid., p. 146-7.
26) Ibid., p. 152.
27) Sherrington, C. S.: The integrative action of the nervous system. New Haven, Yale U niv. Press, 1906.
28) Smith, W. K.: Motor cortex of the bear (Ursus americanus). Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat., 1933,30,14-39.
29) Turrell, W. J.: Three Electrotherapists of the Eighteenth Century. Ann. Med. Hist., 1921,3,361-67.
30) Volta, A.: An account of some discoveries made by M. Galvani, with experiments and observations on them. London, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 1793.
31) Wesley, J.: The Desideratum: or, Electricity made Plain and Useful. By a Lover of Mankind and of Common Sense. London, 1759.

DOCUMENTAL SOBRE CONTROL MENTAL

2009-07-18T20:03:00.000-07:00

ESTE DOCUMENTAL REFLEJA LA REALIDAD ACTUAL EN RELACIÓN A LA FALTA DE CREDIBILIDAD DE LOS MEDIOS OFICIALES.

TEST BITE

2009-06-30T00:29:00.000-07:00

Para comprobar si usted está en una secta, basta utilizar el modelo BITE sobre las técnicas de control mental:

I. Behavior Control
II. Information Control
III. Thought Control
IV. Emotional Control

No es necesario que todos los elementos estén presentes para determinar si hay control mental destructivo sino comprobar que el efecto final es la promoción de la dependencia y la obediencia a un líder o causa. Los miembros de una secta pueden vivir en sus propias casas, tener varios trabajos, estar casados, tener hijos y aun así no tener una capacidad de acción y pensamientos propios.

I. CONTROL DE LA CONDUCTA

1- Regulación de la realidad
a-Con quien viven y se relacionan
b-Ropa y estilo de vestimenta
c-Que comen y que tienen prohibido tomar o comer
d-Cuánto tiempo pueden dormir
e-Dependencia financiera
f-Poco tiempo libre, vacaciones y descanso
2- El mejor tiempo está dedicado al adoctrinamiento y al culto
3-Necesidad de pedir permiso para tomar decisiones vitales
4-Reportar a los superiores todos los pensamientos, afectos y actividades
5-Premios y castigos.
6-El pensamiento corporativo prevalece al individual
7-Rígidos criterios y regulaciones
8-Obediencia y dependencia

II. CONTROL DE LA INFORMACIÓN

1-Uso del engaño
a-Retención deliberada de la información
b-Distorsión de la información para hacerla aceptable
c-Mentiras directas
2-Acceso restringido a la información no oficial
a-Libros, diarios, TV, radio, webs
b-Información crítica
c-Contacto con ex miembros
d-Ocupación del tiempo para no permitir el pensamiento
3-Información fragmentada: doctrina hacia adentro y hacia afuera
a-No hay libre acceso a la información
b-La información varía según el nivel en la estructura piramidal
c-El líder decide quién puede saber qué cosas
4-Espiar a otros miembros es recomendado
a-Asignar un tutor o monitor para control individual
b-Reportar las desviaciones de conducta, pensamientos o sentimientos
5-Extenso uso de la información elaborada por la organización (publicaciones propias)
a-Revistas, escritos, libros, videos, etc.
6-Uso no ético de la confesión (no propiamente el sacramento)
a-Uso de información privilegiada para manipular la personalidad
b-Recordar pecados del pasado usados con fines manipuladores

III. CONTROL DEL PENSAMIENTO

1-Hacer de la doctrina (del grupo) la Verdad
a-Pensamientos simples
b-Nosotros vs. ellos
2-Adoptar un lenguaje propio y simplificador.
3-Sólo pensamientos "buenos" se fomentan.
4-Técnicas de interrupción del pensamiento: rechazo del análisis racional y del pensamiento crítico. Aceptar sólo pensamientos aprobados como buenos.
a-Negación, racionalización, justificaciones
b-Meditación dirigida
c-Oraciones vocales repetitivas
d-Diversos tipos de cantos

IV. CONTROL EMOCIONAL

1-Limitar los sentimientos y afectos.
2-Hacer que la persona sienta que los errores son siempre culpa suya y nunca dellíder o la organización.
3-Excesivo uso de la culpa
4-Excesivo uso del miedo
a-Miedo a pensar individualmente
b-El mundo como un sitio peligroso
c-Miedo a no lograr la salvación
d-Miedo a dejar el grupo o a ser rechazado
e-Miedo a la desaprobación
5- Confesión publica de faltas o pecados
6-Creación de fobias: programación de miedos irracionales a dejar el grupo o criticar la autoridad del líder. Imposibilidad de visualizar un futuro al margen del grupo.
a-No hay felicidad posible fuera del grupo
b-Terribles consecuencias tendrán lugar para quien deje el grupo: enfermedades,infelicidad, accidentes, desgracias, malas elecciones, etc.
c-Miedo al rechazo de amigos o familiares.
d-Nunca hay una razón legítima para irse. Quienes dejan el grupo siempre es debido a su debilidad, al dinero, al sexo, a su infidelidad, a la indisciplina, etc.

DOCUMENTAL SOBRE LA HISTORIA DEL DESARROLLO CIENTÍFICO EN NEUROCIENCIAS

2009-06-18T03:52:00.000-07:00

ESTE DOCUMENTAL RECOGE INFORMACIÓN SOBRE LOS CIENTÍFICOS MÁS IMPORTANTES QUE HAN TRABAJADO EN NEUROCIENCIAS O QUE HAN POSIBILITADO CON SUS APORTACIONES, EL DESARROLLO DE ARMAS CON APLICACIONES EN ÁMBITO DE LAS NEUROCIENCIAS.

Voces en la cabeza

2009-06-16T08:50:00.000-07:00

Un artículo interesante titulado "En ocasiones, oigo voces" El artículo desgraciadamente ha desaparecido así como el autor que durante años ha escrito artículos muy interesantes sobre política.

La próxima vez que crea oír voces en su cabeza, présteles atención. Es posible que no se trate de su imaginación desbocada ni del insoportable estrés tan habitual en nuestros días. Es posible que no sea una vulgar posesión por parte de un puñado de diablillos con ganas de fastidiarle. Es posible que las voces sean de verdad. En realidad, la capacidad para introducir voces ajenas en la mente de otros no es exclusiva de algunos telépatas de Ciencia Ficción sino que la tecnología necesaria para ello está disponible desde hace al menos cuarenta años (probablemente más). De hecho, se ha utilizado en más de una ocasión para llevar a cabo unas, digamos, "operaciones encubiertas" de control mental que, mediante el manejo a distancia de una mente incauta, ha dejado a sus promotores a salvo de toda sospecha. Resulta tranquilizador para el que organiza, por ejemplo, un magnicidio, el hecho de que si detienen al encargado de ejecutar materialmente el asesinato, éste pueda jurar (y hacerlo además con total convencimiento) que actuó de esa manera porque "la voz de Dios (o del Demonio) así me lo ordenó...; créame señor juez, no le miento, su voz me decía una y otra vez lo que debía hacer..." La gran novedad de todo esto es que ahora, además, parte de esa tecnología ha sido puesta a disposición del público -de cierto público comprador, en realidad- para obtener beneficios económicos. Y con total impunidad.

Un ejemplo bastante contundente de lo que se puede conseguir con esta tecnología -que permite orientar un sonido determinado para que lo escuche la persona que está ubicada en un área concreta y sólo esa persona- lo tenemos en el siguiente enlace que le incluyo a continuación y que le conducirá a un video de Youtube. En él se puede apreciar con claridad el funcionamiento de este "juguetito" en el Soho de Nueva York, donde se empleó para publicitar una nueva serie de televisión, Paranormal State (Estado Paranormal: el anuncio gráfico cuelga de la fachada del mismo edificio sobre el que está colocado el sistema sónico) basado precisamente en las experiencias PSI y derivados. Cuando los caminantes circulaban bajo el influjo del sistema, que por cierto se puede ver perfectamente en lo alto del edificio, empezaban a escuchar una desasosegante voz femenina que repetía con insistencia "It's not your imagination" ("No son imaginaciones tuyas") y "Who's there?" ("¿Quién está ahí?"). Si los caminantes cambiaban de calle y por tanto escapaban al haz sónico, dejaban de escuchar las frases, pero mientras se mantuvieran en la zona no podían dejar de percibir el bucle sonoro, aunque no lo desearan.

Éste es el enlace: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwAeb3RBZ1Y

El nombre de la empresa que ha desarrollado este aparato llamado Audio Spotlight es el de Laboratorios de Investigación Holosonic y emplea ondas "comprimidas" -básicamente, trabaja con ultrasonidos- para dirigirlas por el espacio hacia el objetivo elegido de manera que, a pesar de la distancia que les separe de él, llegan al individuo con total nitidez y sin que nadie a su alrededor pueda percibirlo. Hay un interesante reportaje televisivo en el que Joseph Pompei, presidente y fundador de Holosonic, se mofa alegremente de los estudiantes de una biblioteca hablándoles y sorprendiéndoles uno a uno en medio de su concentrada actividad personal. Pompei pasó, entre otros lugares, por el MIT, el famoso Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts, así que su curriculum personal debe tener algo de fundamento científico, aunque la forma en que presenta el invento es más propia de un universitario descerebrado de comedia bufa americana que de un ingeniero de sonido.

Tal vez para quitarle gravedad al asunto, para que nos lo tomemos como algo simplemente divertido, postmoderno, que no debemos temer sino admirar y desear comprar o por lo menos experimentar. Pompei insiste en que su invento es perfectamente legal como soporte publicitario y que si bien los consumidores tardarán un poco de tiempo en aceptar y adaptarse a esta nueva tecnología, igual que sucediera con otras como las vallas digitales iluminadas, al final la aceptarán con entusiasmo y querrán emplearla para diversas ocupaciones: desde ver la televisión hasta escuchar música, siempre unipersonalmente (¿se da cuenta que, sea lo que sea lo que pueda desarrollar, la nueva tecnología siempre tiende a separar al ser humano, no ya de la Naturaleza, sino de los demás seres humanos que le rodean?). Por eso ofrece la venta de sus aparatos en dos cómodas soluciones: AS-16 o "el sistema más adecuado para proporcionar el sonido en zonas tranquilas como oficinas, galerías, salas de espera o el hogar" y AS-24 o "especial para entornos ruidosos o áreas que necesitan mayor cobertura, como museos, espectáculos, supermercados".

Holosonic ha trabajado o está trabajando en estos momentos para diversas empresas o instituciones, desde el Museo de la Ciencia de Boston hasta British Telecom, pasando por Motorola, Starbucks, el Zoológico de San Diego, el Parque Epcot de Walt Disney, Marks and Spencer, la Tate Modern de Londres, el Schirn Kunsthalle de Frankfurt, Cisco Systems o Johnson and Johnson..., entre otras. Podemos imaginar los mensajes recibidos por los clientes de todas estas honorables empresas con ayuda de este ingenioso sistema. Por ejemplo: "adquiere mis últimos productos" o "consume más". Oh, seguro que estoy pensando mal..., seguro que sólo se emplea este aparato para hacer publicidad legal. Pero ¿es legal bombardearnos con publicidad que no podemos escoger no recibir?

En relación a este artículo, añado este otro de la BBC donde el asesino de la Ministra sueca de asuntos exteriores decía que la culpa fue a causa de voces en su cabeza, y que Jesús le incitaba a cometer el asesinato:

EL ASESINO DE ANNA LIND CULPA A VOCES QUE OIA EN SU CABEZA

Es indignante ver como los medios de comunicación "oficiales" intentan encubrir este asesicato claramente político, ocultando que la tecnología responsable para producir voces en una cabeza ajena existe desde hace al menos 40 años. (Ver en Wikipedia: Microwave Auditory Effect) y que se está utilizando en publicidad con total impunidad.

Artículo de la BBC

2009-06-15T12:24:00.000-07:00

Este artículo de la BBC afirma que una de cada 25 personas afirman tener voces en la cabeza. Lo que hace falta saber es la procedencia de estas voces.

VOCES EN LA CABEZA POR LA BBC

Oír voces "es normal"

Se creía que oír voces era el primer síntoma de una enfermedad mental, pero al parecer puede ser algo normal.

Eso es lo que cree un equipo de psicólogos británicos que además, dice esto es algo muy común entre la gente.

Una de cada 25 personas suele oír regularmente voces en la cabeza, revela el estudio llevado a cabo en la Universidad de Manchester, Inglaterra.

Se encontró además que muchos de los que escuchan estas voces no buscan ayuda porque éstas, dicen, tienen un impacto positivo en su vida.

Las voces en la cabeza son para mucha gente un signo de "consuelo e inspiración".

Pero tal como explica a BBC Ciencia el doctor Miguel Ángel Cherro de la Asociación Mundial de Psiquiatría Infantil y de Adolescentes, "el estigma asociado a la audición de voces, podría evitar que la gente que tiene esta experiencia busque ayuda".

Diversidad

Se sabe que mucha gente entre la población en general escucha voces, dicen los psicólogos.

Pero estas personas nunca han sentido la necesidad de acudir a los servicios de salud mental.

Algunos expertos incluso creen que es mayor el número de gente que escucha voces y no busca ayuda psiquiátrica, que el número de gente que sí pide ayuda.

Quienes oyen voces lo describen como la experiencia de escuchar que alguien llama tu nombre y al voltear no hay nadie.

La gente también suele sentir que las voces son como pensamientos que entran en tu mente desde fuera de ti mismo.

No tienen idea de lo que esa voz podría decir, e incluso podrían sostener con ésta una conversación.

El equipo de Manchester desea investigar ahora por qué algunas personas ven sus voces positivamente mientras que para otras en una fuente de angustia.

Los investigadores creen que el escuchar voces en sí mismo no es la causa del problema.

Lo que es más importante, indican, es la forma como la gente interpreta estas voces.

Los factores externos, como las experiencias y creencias de la persona, podrían tener una influencia en la forma como se perciben.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: DR. DELGADO

2009-05-24T08:13:00.000-07:00

UN ARTÍCULO DE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, LA REVISTA DE ACTUALIDAD CIENTÍFICA MAS PRESTIGIOSA A NIVEL MUNDIAL, DIRIGIDA ESPECIALMENTE A LICENCIADOS EN CIENCIAS E INVESTIGADORES CIENTÍFICOS:

DR. DELGADO: AVANCES EN NEUROCIENCIAS

EN ESTE ARTÍCULO SE MENCIONA QUE EL DR. DELGADO FUÉ INVITADO POR EL MINISTRO DEL OPUS DEI VILLAR PALASÍ DEL ÚLTIMO GABINETE DE GOBIERNO DE FRANCO PARA HACERSE CARGO DE UN EQUIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN MADRID, EN MEJORES CONDICIONES DE LAS QUE EL DR. DELGADO TENÍA YA EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DE YALE. DESPUÉS DE AÑOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN MADRID CON UNAS CONDICIONES ENVIDIABLES NO SON PÚBLICOS LOS RESULTADOS DE ESTAS INVESTIGACIONES. LO AGRAVANTE ES QUE SE HICIERON CON DINERO PÚBLICO Y EN UN ENFOQUE QUE CLARAMENTE ATENTA LA SEGURIDAD HUMANA: NEUROCIENCIAS ENFOCADAS A INTERVENIR EN FUNCIONES CEREBRALES: CONTROL MENTAL

MIND GAMES BY WASHINGTON POST

2009-05-24T08:01:00.000-07:00

INTERESANTE ARTÍCULO DEL WASHINGTON POST SOBRE TECNOLOGIAS DESARROLLADAS EN NEUROBIOLOGÍA CON OBJETO DE CONTROLAR LA MENTE:

Mind Games
New on the Internet: a community of people who believe the government is beaming voices into their minds. They may be crazy, but the Pentagon has pursued a weapon that can do just that.
By Sharon Weinberger
Sunday, January 14, 2007; Page W22

IF HARLAN GIRARD IS CRAZY, HE DOESN'T ACT THE PART. He is standing just where he said he would be, below the Philadelphia train station's World War II memorial -- a soaring statue of a winged angel embracing a fallen combatant, as if lifting him to heaven. Girard is wearing pressed khaki pants, expensive-looking leather loafers and a crisp blue button-down. He looks like a local businessman dressed for a casual Friday -- a local businessman with a wickedly dark sense of humor, which had become apparent when he said to look for him beneath "the angel sodomizing a dead soldier." At 70, he appears robust and healthy -- not the slightest bit disheveled or unusual-looking. He is also carrying a bag.

Girard's description of himself is matter-of-fact, until he explains what's in the bag: documents he believes prove that the government is attempting to control his mind. He carries that black, weathered bag everywhere he goes. "Every time I go out, I'm prepared to come home and find everything is stolen," he says.

The bag aside, Girard appears intelligent and coherent. At a table in front of Dunkin' Donuts inside the train station, Girard opens the bag and pulls out a thick stack of documents, carefully labeled and sorted with yellow sticky notes bearing neat block print. The documents are an authentic-looking mix of news stories, articles culled from military journals and even some declassified national security documents that do seem to show that the U.S. government has attempted to develop weapons that send voices into people's heads.

"It's undeniable that the technology exists," Girard says, "but if you go to the police and say, 'I'm hearing voices,' they're going to lock you up for psychiatric evaluation."

The thing that's missing from his bag -- the lack of which makes it hard to prove he isn't crazy -- is even a single document that would buttress the implausible notion that the government is currently targeting a large group of American citizens with mind-control technology. The only direct evidence for that, Girard admits, lies with alleged victims such as himself.

And of those, there are many.

IT'S 9:01 P.M. WHEN THE FIRST PERSON SPEAKS during the Saturday conference call.

Unsure whether anyone else is on the line yet, the female caller throws out the first question: "You got gang stalking or V2K?" she asks no one in particular.

There's a short, uncomfortable pause.

"V2K, really bad. 24-7," a man replies.

"Gang stalking," another woman says.

"Oh, yeah, join the club," yet another man replies.

The members of this confessional "club" are not your usual victims. This isn't a group for alcoholics, drug addicts or survivors of childhood abuse; the people connecting on the call are self-described victims of mind control -- people who believe they have been targeted by a secret government program that tracks them around the clock, using technology to probe and control their minds.

The callers frequently refer to themselves as TIs, which is short for Targeted Individuals, and talk about V2K -- the official military abbreviation stands for "voice to skull" and denotes weapons that beam voices or sounds into the head. In their esoteric lexicon, "gang stalking" refers to the belief that they are being followed and harassed: by neighbors, strangers or colleagues who are agents for the government.

A few more "hellos" are exchanged, interrupted by beeps signaling late arrivals: Bill from Columbus, Barbara from Philadelphia, Jim from California and a dozen or so others.

Derrick Robinson, the conference call moderator, calls order.

"It's five after 9," says Robinson, with the sweetly reasonable intonation of a late-night radio host. "Maybe we should go ahead and start."

THE IDEA OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE CONVINCED THEY ARE TARGETED BY WEAPONS that can invade their minds has become a cultural joke, shorthanded by the image of solitary lunatics wearing tinfoil hats to deflect invisible mind beams. "Tinfoil hat," says Wikipedia, has become "a popular stereotype and term of derision; the phrase serves as a byword for paranoia and is associated with conspiracy theorists."

In 2005, a group of MIT students conducted a formal study using aluminum foil and radio signals. Their surprising finding: Tinfoil hats may actually amplify radio frequency signals. Of course, the tech students meant the study as a joke.

But during the Saturday conference call, the subject of aluminum foil is deadly serious. The MIT study had prompted renewed debate; while a few TIs realized it was a joke at their expense, some saw the findings as an explanation for why tinfoil didn't seem to stop the voices. Others vouched for the material.

"Tinfoil helps tremendously," reports one conference call participant, who describes wrapping it around her body underneath her clothing.

"Where do you put the tinfoil?" a man asks.

"Anywhere, everywhere," she replies. "I even put it in a hat."

A TI in an online mind-control forum recommends a Web site called "Block EMF" (as in electromagnetic frequencies), which advertises a full line of clothing, including aluminum-lined boxer shorts described as a "sheer, comfortable undergarment you can wear over your regular one to shield yourself from power lines and computer electric fields, and microwave, radar, and TV radiation." Similarly, a tinfoil hat disguised as a regular baseball cap is "smart and subtle."

For all the scorn, the ranks of victims -- or people who believe they are victims -- are speaking up. In the course of the evening, there are as many as 40 clicks from people joining the call, and much larger numbers participate in the online forum, which has 143 members. A note there mentioning interest from a journalist prompted more than 200 e-mail responses.

Until recently, people who believe the government is beaming voices into their heads would have added social isolation to their catalogue of woes. But now, many have discovered hundreds, possibly thousands, of others just like them all over the world. Web sites dedicated to electronic harassment and gang stalking have popped up in India, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Russia and elsewhere. Victims have begun to host support meetings in major cities, including Washington. Favorite topics at the meetings include lessons on how to build shields (the proverbial tinfoil hats), media and PR training, and possible legal strategies for outlawing mind control.

The biggest hurdle for TIs is getting people to take their concerns seriously. A proposal made in 2001 by Rep. Dennis Kucinich (D-Ohio) to ban "psychotronic weapons" (another common term for mind-control technology) was hailed by TIs as a great step forward. But the bill was widely derided by bloggers and columnists and quickly dropped.

Doug Gordon, Kucinich's spokesman, would not discuss mind control other than to say the proposal was part of broader legislation outlawing weapons in space. The bill was later reintroduced, minus the mind control. "It was not the concentration of the legislation, which is why it was tightened up and redrafted," was all Gordon would say.

Unable to garner much support from their elected representatives, TIs have started their own PR campaign. And so, last spring, the Saturday conference calls centered on plans to hold a rally in Washington. A 2005 attempt at a rally drew a few dozen people and was ultimately rained out; the TIs were determined to make another go of it. Conversations focused around designing T-shirts, setting up congressional appointments, fundraising, creating a new Web site and formalizing a slogan. After some debate over whether to focus on gang stalking or mind control, the group came up with a compromise slogan that covered both: "Freedom From Covert Surveillance and Electronic Harassment."

Conference call moderator Robinson, who says his gang stalking began when he worked at the National Security Agency in the 1980s, offers his assessment of the group's prospects: Maybe this rally wouldn't produce much press, but it's a first step. "I see this as a movement," he says. "We're picking up people all the time."

HARLAN GIRARD SAYS HIS PROBLEMS BEGAN IN 1983, while he was a real estate developer in Los Angeles. The harassment was subtle at first: One day a woman pulled up in a car, wagged her finger at him, then sped away; he saw people running underneath his window at night; he noticed some of his neighbors seemed to be watching him; he heard someone moving in the crawl space under his apartment at night.

Girard sought advice from this then-girlfriend, a practicing psychologist, whom he declines to identify. He says she told him, "Nobody can become psychotic in their late 40s." She said he didn't seem to manifest other symptoms of psychotic behavior -- he dressed well, paid his bills -- and, besides his claims of surveillance, which sounded paranoid, he behaved normally. "People who are psychotic are socially isolated," he recalls her saying.

After a few months, Girard says, the harassment abruptly stopped. But the respite didn't last. In 1984, appropriately enough, things got seriously weird. He'd left his real estate career to return to school at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was studying for a master's degree in landscape architecture. He harbored dreams of designing parks and public spaces. Then, he says, he began to hear voices. Girard could distinguish several different male voices, which came complete with a mental image of how the voices were being generated: from a recording studio, with "four slops sitting around a card table drinking beer," he says.

The voices were crass but also strangely courteous, addressing him as "Mr. Girard."

They taunted him. They asked him if he thought he was normal; they suggested he was going crazy. They insulted his classmates: When an overweight student showed up for a field trip in a white raincoat, they said, "Hey, Mr. Girard, doesn't she look like a refrigerator?"

Six months after the voices began, they had another question for him: "Mr. Girard, Mr. Girard. Why aren't you dead yet?" At first, he recalls, the voices would speak just two or three times a day, but it escalated into a near-constant cacophony, often accompanied by severe pain all over his body -- which Girard now attributes to directed-energy weapons that can shoot invisible beams.

The voices even suggested how he could figure out what was happening to him. He says they told him to go to the electrical engineering department to "tell them you're writing science fiction and you don't want to write anything inconsistent with physical reality. Then tell them exactly what has happened."

Girard went and got some rudimentary explanations of how technology could explain some of the things he was describing.

"Finally, I said: 'Look, I must come to the point, because I need answers. This is happening to me; it's not science fiction.'" They laughed.

He got the same response from friends, he says. "They regarded me as crazy, which is a humiliating experience."

When asked why he didn't consult a doctor about the voices and the pain, he says, "I don't dare start talking to people because of the potential stigma of it all. I don't want to be treated differently. Here I was in Philadelphia. Something was going on, I don't know any doctors . . . I know somebody's doing something to me."

It was a struggle to graduate, he says, but he was determined, and he persevered. In 1988, the same year he finished his degree, his father died, leaving Girard an inheritance large enough that he did not have to work.

So, instead of becoming a landscape architect, Girard began a full-time investigation of what was happening to him, often traveling to Washington in pursuit of government documents relating to mind control. He put an ad in a magazine seeking other victims. Only a few people responded. But over the years, as he met more and more people like himself, he grew convinced that he was part of what he calls an "electronic concentration camp."

What he was finding on his research trips also buttressed his belief: Girard learned that in the 1950s, the CIA had drugged unwitting victims with LSD as part of a rogue mind-control experiment called MK-ULTRA. He came across references to the CIA seeking to influence the mind with electromagnetic fields. Then he found references in an academic research book to work that military researchers at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research had done in the 1970s with pulsed microwaves to transmit words that a subject would hear in his head. Elsewhere, he came across references to attempts to use electromagnetic energy, sound waves or microwave beams to cause non-lethal pain to the body. For every symptom he experienced, he believed he found references to a weapon that could cause it.

How much of the research Girard cites checks out?

Concerns about microwaves and mind control date to the 1960s, when the U.S. government discovered that its embassy in Moscow was being bombarded by low-level electromagnetic radiation. In 1965, according to declassified Defense Department documents, the Pentagon, at the behest of the White House, launched Project Pandora, top-secret research to explore the behavioral and biological effects of low-level microwaves. For approximately four years, the Pentagon conducted secret research: zapping monkeys; exposing unwitting sailors to microwave radiation; and conducting a host of other unusual experiments (a sub-project of Project Pandora was titled Project Bizarre). The results were mixed, and the program was plagued by disagreements and scientific squabbles. The "Moscow signal," as it was called, was eventually attributed to eavesdropping, not mind control, and Pandora ended in 1970. And with it, the military's research into so-called non-thermal microwave effects seemed to die out, at least in the unclassified realm.

But there are hints of ongoing research: An academic paper written for the Air Force in the mid-1990s mentions the idea of a weapon that would use sound waves to send words into a person's head. "The signal can be a 'message from God' that can warn the enemy of impending doom, or encourage the enemy to surrender," the author concluded.

In 2002, the Air Force Research Laboratory patented precisely such a technology: using microwaves to send words into someone's head. That work is frequently cited on mind-control Web sites. Rich Garcia, a spokesman for the research laboratory's directed energy directorate, declined to discuss that patent or current or related research in the field, citing the lab's policy not to comment on its microwave work.

In response to a Freedom of Information Act request filed for this article, the Air Force released unclassified documents surrounding that 2002 patent -- records that note that the patent was based on human experimentation in October 1994 at the Air Force lab, where scientists were able to transmit phrases into the heads of human subjects, albeit with marginal intelligibility. Research appeared to continue at least through 2002. Where this work has gone since is unclear -- the research laboratory, citing classification, refused to discuss it or release other materials.

The official U.S. Air Force position is that there are no non-thermal effects of microwaves. Yet Dennis Bushnell, chief scientist at NASA's Langley Research Center, tagged microwave attacks against the human brain as part of future warfare in a 2001 presentation to the National Defense Industrial Association about "Future Strategic Issues."

"That work is exceedingly sensitive" and unlikely to be reported in any unclassified documents, he says.

Meanwhile, the military's use of weapons that employ electromagnetic radiation to create pain is well-known, as are some of the limitations of such weapons. In 2001, the Pentagon declassified one element of this research: the Active Denial System, a weapon that uses electromagnetic radiation to heat skin and create an intense burning sensation. So, yes, there is technology designed to beam painful invisible rays at humans, but the weapon seems to fall far short of what could account for many of the TIs' symptoms. While its exact range is classified, Doug Beason, an expert in directed-energy weapons, puts it at about 700 meters, and the beam cannot penetrate a number of materials, such as aluminum. Considering the size of the full-scale weapon, which resembles a satellite dish, and its operational limitations, the ability of the government or anyone else to shoot beams at hundreds of people -- on city streets, into their homes and while they travel in cars and planes -- is beyond improbable.

But, given the history of America's clandestine research, it's reasonable to assume that if the defense establishment could develop mind-control or long-distance ray weapons, it almost certainly would. And, once developed, the possibility that they might be tested on innocent civilians could not be categorically dismissed.

Girard, for his part, believes these weapons were not only developed but were also tested on him more than 20 years ago.

What would the government gain by torturing him? Again, Girard found what he believed to be an explanation, or at least a precedent: During the Cold War, the government conducted radiation experiments on scores of unwitting victims, essentially using them as human guinea pigs. Girard came to believe that he, too, was a walking experiment.

Not that Girard thinks his selection was totally random: He believes he was targeted because of a disparaging remark he made to a Republican fundraiser about George H.W. Bush in the early 1980s. Later, Girard says, the voices confirmed his suspicion.

"One night I was going to bed; the usual drivel was going on," he says. "The constant stream of drivel. I was just about to go to bed, and a voice says: 'Mr. Girard, do you know who was in our studio with us? That was George Bush, vice president of the United States.'"

GIRARD'S STORY, HOWEVER STRANGE, reflects what TIs around the world report: a chance encounter with a government agency or official, followed by surveillance and gang stalking, and then, in many cases, voices, and pain similar to electric shocks. Some in the community have taken it upon themselves to document as many cases as possible. One TI from California conducted about 50 interviews, narrowing the symptoms down to several major areas: "ringing in the ears," "manipulation of body parts," "hearing voices," "piercing sensation on skin," "sinus problems" and "sexual attacks." In fact, the TI continued, "many report the sensation of having their genitalia manipulated."

Both male and female TIs report a variety of "attacks" to their sexual organs. "My testicles became so sore I could barely walk," Girard says of his early experiences. Others, however, report the attacks in the form of sexual stimulation, including one TI who claims he dropped out of the seminary after constant sexual stimulation by directed-energy weapons. Susan Sayler, a TI in San Diego, says many women among the TIs suffer from attacks to their sexual organs but are often embarrassed to talk about it with outsiders.

"It's sporadic, you just never know when it will happen," she says. "A lot of the women say it's as soon as you lay down in bed -- that's when you would get hit the worst. It happened to me as I was driving, at odd times."

What made her think it was an electronic attack and not just in her head? "There was no sexual attraction to a man when it would happen. That's what was wrong. It did not feel like a muscle spasm or whatever," she says. "It's so . . . electronic."

Gloria Naylor, a renowned African American writer, seems to defy many of the stereotypes of someone who believes in mind control. A winner of the National Book Award, Naylor is best known for her acclaimed novel, The Women of Brewster Place, which described a group of women living in a poor urban neighborhood and was later made into a miniseries by Oprah Winfrey.

But in 2005, she published a lesser-known work, 1996, a semi-autobiographical book describing her experience as a TI. "I didn't want to tell this story. It's going to take courage. Perhaps more courage than I possess, but they've left me no alternatives," Naylor writes at the beginning of her book. "I am in a battle for my mind. If I stop now, they'll have won, and I will lose myself." The book is coherent, if hard to believe. It's also marked by disturbing passages describing how Jewish American agents were responsible for Naylor's surveillance. "Of the many cars that kept coming and going down my road, most were driven by Jews," she writes in the book. When asked about that passage in a recent interview, she defended her logic: Being from New York, she claimed, she can recognize Jews.

Naylor lives on a quiet street in Brooklyn in a majestic brownstone with an interior featuring intricate woodwork and tasteful decorations that attest to a successful literary career. She speaks about her situation calmly, occasionally laughing at her own predicament and her struggle with what she originally thought was mental illness. "I would observe myself," she explains. "I would lie in bed while the conversations were going on, and I'd ask: Maybe it is schizophrenia?"

Like Girard, Naylor describes what she calls "street theater" -- incidents that might be dismissed by others as coincidental, but which Naylor believes were set up. She noticed suspicious cars driving by her isolated vacation home. On an airplane, fellow passengers mimicked her every movement -- like mimes on a street.

Voices similar to those in Girard's case followed -- taunting voices cursing her, telling her she was stupid, that she couldn't write. Expletive-laced language filled her head. Naylor sought help from a psychiatrist and received a prescription for an antipsychotic drug. But the medication failed to stop the voices, she says, which only added to her conviction that the harassment was real.

For almost four years, Naylor says, the voices prevented her from writing. In 2000, she says, around the time she discovered the mind-control forums, the voices stopped and the surveillance tapered off. It was then that she began writing 1996 as a "catharsis."

Colleagues urged Naylor not to publish the book, saying she would destroy her reputation. But she did publish, albeit with a small publishing house. The book was generally ignored by critics but embraced by TIs.

Naylor is not the first writer to describe such a personal descent. Evelyn Waugh, one of the great novelists of the 20th century, details similar experiences in The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold. Waugh's book, published in 1957, has eerie similarities to Naylor's.

Embarking on a recuperative cruise, Pinfold begins to hear voices on the ship that he believes are part of a wireless system capable of broadcasting into his head; he believes the instigator recruited fellow passengers to act as operatives; and he describes "performances" put on by passengers directed at him yet meant to look innocuous to others.

Waugh wrote his book several years after recovering from a similar episode and realizing that the voices and paranoia were the result of drug-induced hallucinations.

Naylor, who hasn't written a book since 1996, is now back at work on an historical novel she hopes will return her to the literary mainstream. She remains convinced that she was targeted by mind control. The many echoes of her ordeal she sees on the mind-control forums reassure her she's not crazy, she says.

Of course, some of the things she sees on the forum do strike her as crazy. "But who I am to say?" she says. "Maybe I sound crazy to somebody else."

SOME TIS, SUCH AS ED MOORE, A YOUNG MEDICAL DOCTOR, take a slightly more skeptical approach. He criticizes what he calls the "wacky claims" of TIs who blame various government agencies or groups of people without any proof. "I have yet to see a claim of who is behind this that has any data to support it," he writes.

Nonetheless, Moore still believes the voices in his head are the result of mind control and that the U.S. government is the most likely culprit. Moore started hearing voices in 2003, just as he completed his medical residency in anesthesiology; he was pulling an all-nighter studying for board exams when he heard voices coming from a nearby house commenting on him, on his abilities as a doctor, on his sanity. At first, he thought he was simply overhearing conversations through walls (much as Waugh's fictional alter ego first thought), but when no one else could hear the voices, he realized they were in his head. Moore went through a traumatic two years, including hospitalization for depression with auditory hallucinations.

"One tries to convince friends and family that you are being electronically harassed with voices that only you can hear," he writes in an e-mail. "You learn to stop doing that. They don't believe you, and they become sad and concerned, and it amplifies your own depression when you have voices screaming at you and your friends and family looking at you as a helpless, sick, mentally unbalanced wreck."

He says he grew frustrated with anti-psychotic medications meant to stop the voices, both because the treatments didn't work and because psychiatrists showed no interest in what the voices were telling him. He began to look for some other way to cope.

"In March of 2005, I started looking up support groups on the Internet," he wrote. "My wife would cry when she would see these sites, knowing I still heard voices, but I did not know what else to do." In 2006, he says, his wife, who had stood by him for three years, filed for divorce.

Moore, like other TIs, is cautious about sharing details of his life. He worries about looking foolish to friends and colleagues -- but he says that risk is ultimately worthwhile if he can bring attention to the issue.

With his father's financial help, Moore is now studying for an electrical engineering degree at the University of Texas at San Antonio, hoping to prove that V2K, the technology to send voices into people's heads, is real. Being in school, around other people, helps him cope, he writes, but the voices continue to taunt him.

Recently, he says, they told him: "We'll never stop [messing] with you."

A WEEK BEFORE THE TIS RALLY ON THE NATIONAL MALL, John Alexander, one of the people whom Harlan Girard holds personally responsible for the voices in his head, is at a Chili's restaurant in Crystal City explaining over a Philly cheese steak and fries why the United States needs mind-control weapons.

A former Green Beret who served in Vietnam, Alexander went on to a number of national security jobs, and rubbed shoulders with prominent military and political leaders. Long known for taking an interest in exotic weapons, his 1980 article, "The New Mental Battlefield," published in the Army journal Military Review, is cited by self-described victims as proof of his complicity in mind control. Now retired from the government and living in Las Vegas, Alexander continues to advise the military. He is in the Washington area that day for an official meeting.

Beneath a shock of white hair is the mind of a self-styled military thinker. Alexander belongs to a particular set of Pentagon advisers who consider themselves defense intellectuals, focusing on big-picture issues, future threats and new capabilities. Alexander's career led him from work on sticky foam that would stop an enemy in his or her tracks to dalliances in paranormal studies and psychics, which he still defends as operationally useful.

In an earlier phone conversation, Alexander said that in the 1990s, when he took part in briefings at the CIA, there was never any talk of "mind control, or mind-altering drugs or technologies, or anything like that."

According to Alexander, the military and intelligence agencies were still scared by the excesses of MK-ULTRA, the infamous CIA program that involved, in part, slipping LSD to unsuspecting victims. "Until recently, anything that smacked of [mind control] was extremely dangerous" because Congress would simply take the money away, he said.

Alexander acknowledged that "there were some abuses that took place," but added that, on the whole, "I would argue we threw the baby out with the bath water."

But September 11, 2001, changed the mood in Washington, and some in the national security community are again expressing interest in mind control, particularly a younger generation of officials who weren't around for MK-ULTRA. "It's interesting, that it's coming back," Alexander observed.

While Alexander scoffs at the notion that he is somehow part of an elaborate plot to control people's minds, he acknowledges support for learning how to tap into a potential enemy's brain. He gives as an example the possible use of functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, for lie detection. "Brain mapping" with fMRI theoretically could allow interrogators to know when someone is lying by watching for activity in particular parts of the brain. For interrogating terrorists, fMRI could come in handy, Alexander suggests. But any conceivable use of the technique would fall far short of the kind of mind-reading TIs complain about.

Alexander also is intrigued by the possibility of using electronic means to modify behavior. The dilemma of the war on terrorism, he notes, is that it never ends. So what do you do with enemies, such as those at Guantanamo: keep them there forever? That's impractical. Behavior modification could be an alternative, he says.

"Maybe I can fix you, or electronically neuter you, so it's safe to release you into society, so you won't come back and kill me," Alexander says. It's only a matter of time before technology allows that scenario to come true, he continues. "We're now getting to where we can do that." He pauses for a moment to take a bite of his sandwich. "Where does that fall in the ethics spectrum? That's a really tough question."

When Alexander encounters a query he doesn't want to answer, such as one about the ethics of mind control, he smiles and raises his hands level to his chest, as if balancing two imaginary weights. In one hand is mind control and the sanctity of free thought -- and in the other hand, a tad higher -- is the war on terrorism.

But none of this has anything to do with the TIs, he says. "Just because things are secret, people tend to extrapolate. Common sense does not prevail, and even when you point out huge leaps in logic that just cannot be true, they are not dissuaded."

WHAT IS IT THAT BRINGS SOMEONE, EVEN AN INTELLIGENT PERSON, to ascribe the experience of hearing disembodied voices to government weapons?

In her book, Abducted, Harvard psychologist Susan Clancy examines a group that has striking parallels to the TIs: people who believe they've been kidnapped by aliens. The similarities are often uncanny: Would-be abductees describe strange pains, and feelings of being watched or targeted. And although the alleged abductees don't generally have auditory hallucinations, they do sometimes believe that their thoughts are controlled by aliens, or that they've been implanted with advanced technology.

(On the online forum, some TIs posted vociferous objections to the parallel, concerned that the public finds UFOs even weirder than mind control. "It will keep us all marginalized and discredited," one griped.)

Clancy argues that the main reason people believe they've been abducted by aliens is that it provides them with a compelling narrative to explain their perception that strange things have happened to them, such as marks on their bodies (marks others would simply dismiss as bruises), stimulation to their sexual organs (as the TIs describe) or feelings of paranoia. "It's not just an explanation for your problems; it's a source of meaning for your life," Clancy says.

In the case of TIs, mind-control weapons are an explanation for the voices they hear in their head. Socrates heard a voice and thought it was a demon; Joan of Arc heard voices from God. As one TI noted in an e-mail: "Each person undergoing this harassment is looking for the solution to the problem. Each person analyzes it through his or her own particular spectrum of beliefs. If you are a scientific-minded person, then you will probably analyze the situation from that perspective and conclude it must be done with some kind of electronic devices. If you are a religious person, you will see it as a struggle between the elements of whatever religion you believe in. If you are maybe, perhaps more eccentric, you may think that it is alien in nature."

Or, if you happen to live in the United States in the early 21st century, you may fear the growing power of the NSA, CIA and FBI.

Being a victim of government surveillance is also, arguably, better than being insane. In Waugh's novella based on his own painful experience, when Pinfold concludes that hidden technology is being used to infiltrate his brain, he "felt nothing but gratitude in his discovery." Why? "He might be unpopular; he might be ridiculous; but he was not mad."

Ralph Hoffman, a professor of psychiatry at Yale who has studied auditory hallucinations, regularly sees people who believe the voices are a part of government harassment (others believe they are God, dead relatives or even ex-girlfriends). Not all people who hear voices are schizophrenic, he says, noting that people can hear voices episodically in highly emotional states. What exactly causes these voices is still unknown, but one thing is certain: People who think the voices are caused by some external force are rarely dissuaded from their delusional belief, he says. "These are highly emotional and gripping experiences that are so compelling for them that ordinary reality seems bland."

Perhaps because the experience is so vivid, he says, even some of those who improve through treatment merely decide the medical regimen somehow helped protect their brain from government weapons.

Scott Temple, a professor of psychiatry at Penn State University who has been involved in two recent studies of auditory hallucinations, notes that those who suffer such hallucinations frequently lack insight into their illness. Even among those who do understand they are sick, "that awareness comes and goes," he says. "People feel overwhelmed, and the delusional interpretations return."

BACK AT THE PHILADELPHIA TRAIN STATION, Girard seems more agitated. In a meeting the week before, his "handlers" had spoken to him only briefly -- they weren't in the right position to attack him, Girard surmises, based on the lack of voices. Today, his conversation jumps more rapidly from one subject to the next: victims of radiation experiments, his hatred of George H.W. Bush, MK-ULTRA, his personal experiences.

Asked about his studies at Penn, he replies by talking about his problems with reading: "I told you, everything I write they dictate to me," he says, referring again to the voices. "When I read, they're reading to me. My eyes go across; they're moving my eyes down the line. They're reading it to me. When I close the book, I can't remember a thing I read. That's why they do it."

The week before, Girard had pointed to only one person who appeared suspicious to him -- a young African American man reading a book; this time, however, he hears more voices, which leads him to believe the station is crawling with agents.

"Let's change our location," Girard says after a while. "I'm sure they have 40 or 50 people in here today. I escaped their surveillance last time -- they won't let that happen again."

Asked to explain the connection between mind control and the University of Pennsylvania, which Girard alleges is involved in the conspiracy, he begins to talk about defense contractors located near the Philadelphia campus: "General Electric was right next to the parking garage; General Electric Space Systems occupies a huge building right over there. From that building, you could see into the studio where I was doing my work most of the time. I asked somebody what they were doing there. You know, it had to do with computers. GE Space Systems. They were supposed to be tracking missile debris from this location . . . pardon me. What was your question again?"

Yet many parts of Girard's life seem to reflect that of any affluent 70-year-old bachelor. He travels frequently to France for extended vacations and takes part in French cultural activities in Philadelphia. He has set up a travel scholarship at the Cleveland Institute of Art in the name of his late mother, who attended school there (he changed his last name 27 years ago for "personal reasons"), and he travels to meet the students who benefit from the fund. And while the bulk of his time is spent on his research and writing about mind control, he has other interests. He follows politics and describes outings with friends and family members with whom he doesn't talk about mind control, knowing they would view it skeptically.

Girard acknowledges that some of his experiences mirror symptoms of schizophrenia, but asked if he ever worried that the voices might in fact be caused by mental illness, he answers sharply with one word: "No."

How, then, does he know the voices are real?

"How do you know you know anything?" Girard replies. "How do you know I exist? How do you know this isn't a dream you're having, from which you'll wake up in a few minutes? I suppose that analogy is the closest thing: You know when you have a dream. Sometimes it could be perfectly lucid, but you know it's a dream."

The very "realness" of the voices is the issue -- how do you disbelieve something you perceive as real? That's precisely what Hoffman, the Yale psychiatrist, points out: So lucid are the voices that the sufferers -- regardless of their educational level or self-awareness -- are unable to see them as anything but real. "One thing I can assure you," Hoffman says, "is that for them, it feels real."

IT LOOKS ALMOST LIKE ANY OTHER SMALL POLITICAL RALLY IN WASHINGTON. Posters adorn the gate on the southwest side of the Capitol Reflecting Pool, as attendees set up a table with press materials, while volunteers test a loudspeaker and set out coolers filled with bottled water. The sun is out, the weather is perfect, and an eclectic collection of people from across the country has gathered to protest mind control.

There is not a tinfoil hat to be seen. Only the posters and paraphernalia hint at the unusual. "Stop USA electronic harassment," urges one poster. "Directed Energy Assaults," reads another. Smaller signs in the shape of tombstones say, "RIP MKULTRA." The main display, set in front of the speaker's lectern has a more extended message: "HELP STOP HI-TECH ASSAULT PSYCHOTRONIC TORTURE."

About 35 TIs show up for the June rally, in addition to a few friends and family members. Speakers alternate between giving personal testimonials and descriptions of research into mind-control technology. Most of the gawkers at the rally are foreign tourists. A few hecklers snicker at the signs, but mostly people are either confused or indifferent. The articles on mind control at the table -- from mainstream news magazines -- go untouched.

"How can you expect people to get worked up over this if they don't care about eavesdropping or eminent domain?" one man challenges after stopping to flip through the literature. Mary Ann Stratton, who is manning the table, merely shrugs and smiles sadly. There is no answer: Everyone at the rally acknowledges it is an uphill battle.

In general, the outlook for TIs is not good; many lose their jobs, houses and family. Depression is common. But for many at the rally, experiencing the community of mind-control victims seems to help. One TI, a man who had been a rescue swimmer in the Coast Guard before voices in his head sent him on a downward spiral, expressed the solace he found among fellow TIs in a long e-mail to another TI: "I think that the only people that can help are people going through the same thing. Everyone else will not believe you, or they are possibly involved."

In the end, though, nothing could help him enough. In August 2006, he would commit suicide.

But at least for the day, the rally is boosting TI spirits. Girard, in what for him is an ebullient mood, takes the microphone. A small crowd of tourists gathers at the sidelines, listening with casual interest. With the Capitol looming behind him, he reaches the crescendo of his speech, rallying the attendees to remember an important thing: They are part of a single community.

"I've heard it said, 'We can't get anywhere because everyone's story is different.' We are all the same," Girard booms. "You knew someone with the power to commit you to the electronic concentration camp system."

Several weeks after the rally, Girard shows up for a meeting with a reporter at the stately Mayflower Hotel in Washington, where he has stayed frequently over the two decades he has traveled to the capital to battle mind control. He walks in with a lit cigarette, which he apologetically puts out after a hotel employee tells him smoking isn't allowed anymore. He is half an hour late -- delayed, he says, by a meeting on Capitol Hill. Wearing a monogrammed dress shirt and tie, he looks, as always, serious and professional.

Girard declines to mention whom on Capitol Hill he'd met with, other than to say it was a congressional staffer. Embarrassment is likely a factor: Girard readily acknowledges that most people he meets with, ranging from scholars to politicians, ignore his entreaties or dismiss him as a lunatic.

Lately, his focus is on his Web site, which he sees as the culmination of nearly a quarter-century of research. When completed, it will contain more than 300 pages of documents. What next? Maybe he'll move to France (there are victims there, too), or maybe the U.S. government will finally just kill him, he says.

Meanwhile, he is always searching for absolute proof that the government has decoded the brain. His latest interest is LifeLog, a project once funded by the Pentagon that he read about in Wired News. The article described it this way: "The embryonic LifeLog program would dump everything an individual does into a giant database: every e-mail sent or received, every picture taken, every Web page surfed, every phone call made, every TV show watched, every magazine read. All of this -- and more -- would combine with information gleaned from a variety of sources: a GPS transmitter to keep tabs on where that person went, audiovisual sensors to capture what he or she sees or says, and biomedical monitors to keep track of the individual's health."

Girard suggests that the government, using similar technology, has "catalogued" his life over the past two years -- every sight and sound (Evelyn Waugh, in his mind-control book, writes about his character's similar fear that his harassers were creating a file of his entire life).

Girard thinks the government can control his movements, inject thoughts into his head, cause him pain day and night. He believes that he will die a victim of mind control.

Is there any reason for optimism?

Girard hesitates, then asks a rhetorical question.

"Why, despite all this, why am I the same person? Why am I Harlan Girard?"

For all his anguish, be it the result of mental illness or, as Girard contends, government mind control, the voices haven't managed to conquer the thing that makes him who he is: Call it his consciousness, his intellect or, perhaps, his soul.

"That's what they don't yet have," he says. After 22 years, "I'm still me."

Sharon Weinberger is a Washington writer and author of Imaginary Weapons: A Journey Through the Pentagon's Scientific Underworld. She will be fielding questions and comments about this article Tuesday at washingtonpost.com/liveonline.

Julianne McKinney

2009-05-24T07:58:00.000-07:00

By Julianne McKinney, Director

Electronic Surveillance Project

Association of National Security Alumni

Silver Spring, Maryland

(301) 608-0143

The prospect of domination of the nation’s scholars by federal employment, project allocations, and the power of money is ever present—and is gravely to be regarded. Yet, in holding scientific research and discovery in respect, as we should, we must also be alert to the equal and opposite danger that public policy could itself become the captive of a scientific-technological elite.

[President Dwight D. Eisenhower, January 17, 1961]

Covert actions are counterproductive and damaging to the national interest of the United States. They are inimical to the operation of an effective national intelligence system, and corruptive of civil liberties, including the functioning of the judiciary and a free press. Most importantly, they contradict the principles of democracy, national self-determination and international law to which the United States is publicly committed.

[Credo of the Association of National Security Alumni]

MICROWAVE HARASSMENT
AND
MIND-CONTROL EXPERIMENTATION

by Julianne McKinney

Director, Electronic Surveillance Project
Association of National Security Alumni

December 1992

Whither the KGB?
In February 1974, Georgetown University’s Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) hosted discussions on the plight of dissenters in the Soviet Union, and on the means by which the U.S. Government might most effectively intervene. Highlights of these discussions are reported in Understanding the Solzhenitzyn Affair: Dissent and its Control in the USSR (CSIS, 1974).

KGB strategies were addressed in some detail during these discussions. It was noted that the KGB’s success depended on the extensive use of informant networks and agents provocateurs; and, following Brezhnev’s rise to power, on the use of drugs and psychiatrists for further purposes of manipulation and control. Shadowing, bugging, slandering, blacklisting and other related tactics were also cited as serving KGB purposes. Participants in the conference agreed that the KGB’s obvious intent was to divide and isolate the populace, to spread fear, and to silence dissenters.

Agencies of our own government are on record as having employed precisely these same tactics on a recurrent basis. The Church and Rockefeller Committee Hearings in the mid-1970’s purportedly put an end to these practices. Based on recent developments, it would appear that the CIA’s and FBI’s Operations MKULTRA, MHCHAOS and COINTELPRO (the focus of these Senate Committee and Vice-Presidential-level Hearings) were instead merely driven underground. We are now in contact with a total of 25* individuals, scattered throughout the United States, who firmly believe they are being harassed by agencies of the U.S. Government. Others have been brought to our attention whom we will be contacting in the future. The majority of these individuals claim that their harassment and surveillance began in 1989.

The methods reportedly employed in these harassment campaigns bear a striking resemblance to those attributed to the CIA and FBI during Operations MKULTRA, MHCHAOS and COINTELPRO. The only difference now is that electronic harassment and experimentation also appear to be (more blatantly) involved.

The Berlin Wall is down, Communism is in the midst of a death rattle, and the KGB no longer poses the threat which purportedly served to justify the U.S. Government’s resort to such operations as MKULTRA, MHCHAOS and COINTELPRO. The KGB, since 1989, has been reduced to an increasingly distant memory.

Reactivation of surveillance/harassment/mind-control operations in this country suggests that the KGB, as an institution, was never the real threat. A KGB “mentality,” with its underlying pragmatic contempt for civil liberties, appears, instead, to have been the driving force behind MKULTRA, MHCHAOS and COINTELPRO, and the operations now being reported to us.

The KGB “mentality” is a matter of personal predilection, not ideology. Its objective is power and control, regardless of human cost. It is a corrupting, cancerous influence, which feeds on fear, conformity and government funding.

Four months ago, when this Project commenced, we approached these complaints of government harassment and experimentation with an admitted “high degree of caution.” We are no longer skeptical. The growing numbers of independent complaints and the similarities between those complaints cannot be ignored. Under the circumstances, the KGB should be proud of itself. As a “mentality,” the KGB appears to be accomplishing more in “burying this country” from within, than it could ever have hoped to have achieved as an institution. It would appear that this country has a serious problem on its hands which needs to be resolved.

Part I of this report, which is reprinted from the June-July 1992 edition of the Association’s publication, Unclassified, preliminarily addresses the complaints brought to our attention as of July 1992. Our objective, as noted, was to weigh the legitimacy of those complaints in terms of the directed-energy technologies reportedly involved. Part II discusses the overt and covert patterns of harassment identified as a result of our investigations, to date. A part of our objective, here, is to limit the success of such operations in the future, by according them widespread publicity.

In Part II, we do not identify individuals by name, both to honor their privacy and because our investigations have not been completed. Part II, like Part I, is a preliminary finding. Our focus is on the similarities of the complaints being received—similarities which Federal and State legislators, the courts, the FBI, local law enforcement agencies, the medical and psychiatric professions, and organizations such as the ACLU and Amnesty International have so far chosen to ignore.

We frankly find it curious that more attention and credibility is being accorded purported victims of UFO experiences and spectral visitations, than to persons who complain of systematic harassment and experimentation by the U.S. Government, involving technologies which the U.S. Government is only now grudgingly admitting to possess. These complaints require investigation. In due course (and provided financial support is obtained), we hope to be able to acquire the technology and supportive medical expertise to substantiate the claims being made. We also hope to alter the institutional mindset that U.S. Intelligence can be trusted. History, repeatedly, has proven otherwise.

PART I - THE PROBLEM SURFACES
[Reprinted from the June-July 1992 edition of UNCLASSIFIED (Vol. IV, No. 3),

published by The Association of National Security Alumni, Washington, D.C.]

The August-September 1991 issue of UNCLASSIFIED reviewed Hamline University’s Public Administration report on the resolution of MKULTRA cases in 1988. Although the shocking details of medical ethics abuses by the U.S. and Canadian governments were amply detailed, Washington and Ottawa—citing national security and government privilege—stalled for so long that the cases never came to trial. The surviving victims settled for a pittance in an out-of-court settlement.

Since no individuals or agencies were held legally accountable, the door was left open for possible resumption of similar “mind-control” activities.

In the context of that article, we mentioned briefly that some half-dozen people had contacted us with appeals for assistance in ending what they believe to be electronic harassment and mind-control experimentation, possibly involving the CIA. We decided to take a closer look at this situation.

We are now in touch with approximately a dozen individuals located throughout the United States who appear to be targets of harassment and mind-control experimentation involving directed-energy technologies. [By mid-November 1992, that number had increased to 25.]

Typically, persons who complain of being “zapped by radio waves” and of “hearing voices” are stigmatized as psychotic, delusional or schizophrenic. Being mindful of this, as well as aware of the treatment accorded UFO and psychic phenomena “freaks,” we approach this subject with a high degree of caution. Based on our preliminary investigation, including interviews with the affected individuals, we conclude that the matter is serious and should be pursued further.

The Existing Directed-Energy Arsenal
Our first step was to determine what, if any technology exists which might be used for electronic harassment. That information was found in a “white paper” published in 1991 by the U.S. Global Strategy Council—a Washington-based organization, under the chairmanship of Ray Cline, former Deputy Director of the CIA, who maintains very close ties with the U.S. Intelligence community. The “white paper” describes the foreign and domestic uses foreseen for laser weapons, isotropic radiators, infrasound, non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse generators, and high-power microwave emitters.

The term, “non-lethal,” used to describe this technology is misleading. The energy emitted from all of these weapons can kill when appropriately amplified. At lower levels of amplification, they can cause extreme forms of physical discomfort and debilitation.

The Department of Army (DA) identifies these same weapons as “non-conventional.” They were so identified in an exhibit at a DA-sponsored symposium on “The Soldier As A System,” in Crystal City, VA, on June 30, 1992. Beta wave incapacitators were separately mentioned during the symposium as being of particular interest to the U.S. Marine Corps.

We discussed these “non-conventional” directed-energy weapons with Mr. Vernon Shisler, manager of the exhibit and the Army’s delegate to NATO in matters pertaining to “The Soldier As A System.” Mr. Shisler acknowledged not only that directed-energy weapons are in DoD’s arsenal, but also that the American soldier will remain vulnerable to their effects, should they be employed in the battlefield.

The U.S. Global Strategy Council recognizes the issue of vulnerability, as well, and urges ongoing research into effective countermeasures.

Interested readers may want to send for the U.S. Global Strategy Council’s complete project proposal on this subject: (Title: Nonlethality: Development of a National Policy and Employing Nonlethal Means in a New Strategic Era, prepared by Janet Morris). A number of references in this Proposal to unidentified, elusive “enemies” of the U.S. Government and to the potential domestic applications of this “non-lethal” technology invite serious consideration by the public at large.

The Council’s address is 1800 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006, (202) 466-6029.

Bioeffects of Microwave Radiation
Research into the biological and psychological effects of exposure to microwave radiation is voluminous. The U.S. public has been led to believe that the former Soviet Union leads in this research. The fact is, the CIA and DoD [Department of Defense] have jointly pursued precisely the same research since commencement of Project Pandora in the 1950’s. The current primary users of this research appear to be the CIA, DoD, the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Department of Energy (DoE).

The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) has participated in this research since Project Pandora. In 1973, WRAIR discovered that externally-induced auditory input could be achieved by means of pulsed microwave audiograms, or analogs of spoken words’ sounds. The effect on the receiving end is the (schizophrenic) sensation of “hearing voices” which are not part of the recipients’ own thought processes.

The experiment prompted the following comment in The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life, by Robert O. Becker, M.D., and Gary Selden (Wm. Morrow & Company, NY, 1985): “Such a device has obvious applications in covert operations designed to drive a target crazy with ‘voices’ or deliver undetectable instructions to a programmed assassin.”

This research has continued, and the results are published in various publicly available scientific and technical journals. Interested readers might consult, for example: Lin, James C., Electromagnetic Interaction With Biological Systems (Plenum Press, NY, 1989). Professor Lin, then with the Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, has published a number of books and articles on this subject. [He has more recently informed us that he had designed the experiment referenced above in Dr. Becker’s book.]

WRAIR has more recently been studying the biological effects of exposure to high-power microwave radiation. WRAIR presented a paper on this subject to a DoD-sponsored symposium on “MW [microwave] Weapons” at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA, in mid-1989.

A matter of interest to us is why WRAIR should be experimenting with auditory effects of pulsed microwave audiograms. Also, recent statements by an Army psychiatrist assigned to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) suggest that WRAIR may be experimenting upon select psychiatric inpatients with microwaves. This, too, is a matter of interest to us.

Congressional Oversight

The Government’s past record of abuses in the area of civil rights is well documented. Within the past 30 years alone, we have witnessed the effects of Operations MKULTRA, MHCHAOS and COINTELPRO.

Primarily because of MKULTRA, MHCHAOS and COINTELPRO, Executive Orders and implementing regulations were published which prohibited military and CIA domestic covert intelligence operations. Experiments on involuntary human subjects, and the surveillance of/collection of personal information on U.S. citizens, except under strictly regulated conditions were also prohibited.

Congressional committees were created to oversee compliance with these (quasi‑) legal prohibitions. We have evidence that this is not being done. Moreover, where there are laws and, in this case, no laws enacted, there are loopholes, as well as individual and institutions who deliberately capitalize upon the existence of loopholes. Iran-Contra is one of the more blatant recent examples. Loopholes are also found in government resort to “black” intelligence and weapons programs, in the use of contractors, and in the absence of clear definitions of such terms as “national security” and “national security risk.”

Executive Orders and regulations which currently limit official U.S. Intelligence activities do not extend to non-intelligence government agencies or to their contractors. In fact, Executive Order 12333 specifies that government contractors do not need to know that their services support U.S. Intelligence objectives.

In its report of July 8, 1992, the Senate Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management addresses the problem of tracking funds granted to government-contracted research and development (R&D) centers. The report notes that the problem is compounded by DoD’s penchant for creating hard-to-monitor “shell” contractors as disbursement centers for funding programs.

Neither shell contractors nor their subcontractors are directly accountable to Congress. Being beyond Congressional oversight, they have the license to operate as Government surrogates in intelligence operations about which, “officially” they know nothing.

In this context, a publication disseminated at DA’s “The Soldier As A System” symposium noted that the Army’s Research and Technology Program sponsors 42 laboratories and R&D centers, employing approximately 10,000 scientists and engineers. The annual budget of $1.3 billion is only a small part of overall DoD research spending.

Weapons research, which includes the development and testing of “non-lethal” weapons, is not governed by laws restricting the activities of U.S. Intelligence agencies, though it may be presumed that these agencies contribute to and benefit from such research.

Preliminary Findings

1. The technology exists for the types of harassment and experimentation reported to us.

2. About a dozen U.S. citizens have informed us of continuing experiences with effects which directed-energy weapons are designed to produce.

3. U.S. Government-sponsored research into the bioeffects of exposure to microwave radiation is extensive and continuing.

4. The U.S. Government has a past record of having engaged in mind-control experimentation; and various agencies of the Government have a record of circumventing legal restrictions upon their activities.

5. Neither Congress nor the courts appear willing to look closely into “black” intelligence and weapons procurement programs.

6. A number of U.S. Government agencies might have interest in testing directed-energy technologies on U.S. citizens under non-clinical/non-controlled circumstances—DoD, to test ranges and degrees of “non-lethality”; DoE, to explore “safety” limits; CIA, to test “mind-control” capabilities, and NSA, for technological refinement.

PART II - OVERT AND COVERT HARASSMENT

Since publication of the preceding article less than four months ago, the association of National Security Alumni/Electronic Surveillance Project has heard from an additional 13* individuals who report both overt harassment and a range of symptoms which coincide with the known effects of exposure to microwaves, electromagnetic/radio frequency (RF) radiation and/or infrasound.

The similarity of these symptoms will be addressed in greater detail in future Project reports. Suffice it to say, at this point, that the physical and psychological symptoms being reported to us are consistent with the effects which directed-energy weapons are designed to produce. Indeed, the numerous afflictions (or “inflictions”) being reported appear to parallel standard torture “sequelae,”[1] (aftereffects).

Overt Harassment
Overt Harassment—which obviously is meant to be observed—may be intended to “precondition” individuals for eventual long-term electronic harassment. Persons terrified by unexplained overt harassment are not likely to cope with the sudden onset of electronic harassment in any more reasoned fashion. This phased pattern of harassment is apparent in all of the cases now being investigated. The fact that the overt harassment continues in these cases even after the electronic targeting commences suggests that the objective is to maintain long-term extremes of stress.

Many of the overt harassment tactics discussed below are surfacing in cases which (so far) have not involved discernible forms of electronic harassment. These are cases involving so-called “whistleblowers” who, because of their inside knowledge of certain potentially newsworthy events, pose particular threats of embarrassment to the Government or to government-affiliated employers. We have noticed that electronic harassment is beginning to surface as a form of retaliation against persons who try to assist electronic “harassees.” Retaliation suggests loss of control. Under the circumstances, we are not entirely confident that “whistleblowers” will continue to be exempted from this type of harassment in the long term.

The individuals now in touch with the Project describe their circumstances as involving most, if not all, of the following overt forms of harassment:

· Sudden, bizarrely-rude treatment, isolation and acts of harassment and vandalism by formerly friendly neighbors.

· Harassing telephone calls, which continue even after the targeted individual obtains new, unlisted telephone numbers.

· Mail interception, theft and tampering.

· Noise campaigns.

While unrelenting harassing telephone calls might be considered in this context, other tactics are employed. Blaring horns, whistles, sirens, garbage disposal (run concurrently in apartment settings, for excessively prolonged periods of time), and amplified transmissions of recorded “general racket” have been used on a recurrent basis under circumstances intended to persuade the individual that he or she is under surveillance.

In all of these cases, the individuals’ neighbors apparently pretend to be oblivious and/or indifferent to these sudden, continuous explosions of noise.

Door slamming is also a popular pastime, particularly in apartment buildings. One individual reported that, during a peak period of harassment, the neighbor across the hall began entering and leaving his apartment every 10 minutes, slamming his door loudly on each occasion. This was a daily occurrence, encompassing periods of several hours, over a period of several months. It apparently served to trigger a door-slamming “chain reaction” on the part of neighbors both on that floor and on the floors immediately above and below. When our contact politely asked her immediate neighbor to close his door more quietly, he slammed the door in her face. Prior to commencement of this harassment, that neighbor had apparently been quite friendly and courteous.

In another case, the primary door-slammer is an employee of Radix Systems, Inc., Rockville, MD, a DoD contractor engaged in the “super-secret” research and development of some type of electronic equipment.

Several individuals reported recurrent, loud, strange noises in their ventilation systems during the preliminary stages of their harassment. One individual complained of being recurrently awakened in the middle of the night by the sound of wires being fed into his (independent) ventilation system. On checking further, he found that a tubular construction had been built into his vent system which appears to lead to the apartment upstairs. His upstairs neighbor is employed by the Department of Justice.

A number of individuals report that occupants of upstairs and downstairs apartments appear to follow them from room to room, tapping on the floor or engaging in other activities which appear intended to advertise an ongoing surveillance.

The Justice Department employee mentioned above went so far as to offer an unsolicited apology to her downstairs neighbor for the all-night “pacing about” in her bedroom (in the event he had happened to notice it). She claimed to be an insomniac. That pacing-about continued during her recent 36-hour absence from the area. When our contact politely alerted her to the fact that her apartment had apparently been entered during her absence, she told him, in effect, to mind his own business and then immediately complained to the building manager that he was stalking her.

She conveniently forgot to inform the building manager that she had assiduously “courted” this individual for several months, without success; and that she had been stealing his newspapers on a regular basis. (On one occasion, she handed him a week’s accumulation of those papers, claiming that they had been left outside the door of another apartment. Her reason for collecting and saving newspapers which had not been delivered to her directly is unknown.)

· Recurrent confrontations by unusually hostile strangers; and comments by strangers which appear intended to evoke “paranoid” reactions.

In this context, we note that several individuals have reported confrontations with “homeless” people who, on closer examination, were found to be fastidiously clean, though garbed in offbeat fashion (wigs included). The same “eccentric” confronted two of the individuals in contact with us, at separate distant locations. He is reported as having feigned mental illness on both occasions, and as having apparently enjoyed creating a public scene.

· Entries into the individual’s residence, during late-night hours while he/she is sleeping, and/or during the day when the individual is elsewhere.

In virtually all such cases, the burglars leave evidence of their visits, such as by relocating objects, or by committing petty and not-so-petty acts of vandalism. In two cases, the burglar’s “calling card” was to slaughter caged pets, leaving the mangled carcasses inside their locked cages.

In one case, the burglar stole several pieces of correspondence and left a packet of crack cocaine behind as a “calling card.” Our contact in this case—an individual who has no criminal record and no history of experimentation with drugs—is also being harassed (stalked) by a police officer in her community. One of his recent acts was to “frame” her with a drug possession charge. After pulling her off the road (a frequent pastime) and subjecting her to an illegal search (done, twice, so far), he conveniently managed to find a glassine packet of cocaine eight feet away, in front of his squad car. He retrieved the packet with his fingers and then charged her with Possession. Our contact found the packet of crack cocaine in her apartment shortly after this investigator reminded the attorney handling her case that the police officer had smudged his only piece of evidence with his own fingerprints. It would appear that someone is interested in correcting that police officer’s oversight.

In another case, the individual reports that a tremendous amount of money had been stolen from a hiding place in her apartment, within hours after she had withdrawn the money from her bank. There were no obvious signs of entry into her apartment. The police conducted a cursory inquiry which failed to produce evidence of a crime worthy of investigation. (This case is an anomaly. Money is not usually stolen. Documents appear to be the preferred objects of theft, when thefts occur.)

In another case, the burglars replaced installed lightbulbs with “exploding” bulbs, many of which were Made in Hungary. The lightbulbs are now in our possession.

· Rapidly deteriorating health, generally of a digestive nature.

In two cases of the cases reported, massive rectal bleeding accompanied the sudden onset of severe gastrointestinal disturbances. One of these individuals abruptly terminated the deteriorative process simply by changing the locks on her door.

· Sleep disruption/deprivation.

This is achieved by means of both overt and electronic harassment. Sleep deprivation, as a tactic, invariably surfaces when the targeted individual begins exhibiting a strong emotional and irrational response to the other forms of harassment.

· Vandalism of privately-owned vehicles.

Vehicles invite peculiarly ferocious attacks in these harassment campaigns—slashed tires, smashed windows, oil drainage, oil contamination, destruction of electronic components and batteries (frequently involving wildly fluctuating, grounded fuel gages, often within range of weapons research facilities and/or other microwave emitters); and suddenly failed brakes and clutches (possibly involving anti-traction polymers, which are also in DoD’s “non-lethal” weapons arsenal). Recurrent auto thefts have also been reported.

Two individuals reported finding their oil contaminated immediately after having the oil changed by reputable mechanics. In one of these cases, the oil viscosified (thickened) while the individual was driving through a remote rural area. Her car ground to a halt. Getting the “gunk” cleaned out of her engine proved to be an expensive ordeal. (Viscosification agents are also lauded by the U.S. Global Strategy Council as serving “non-lethal” strategic purposes—a topic discussed in Part I of this publication. Had this woman been assaulted while awaiting help in the said isolated area, the “non-lethal” attributes of viscosification agents might have required redefinition.)

Most of those who have experienced these attacks on a recurring basis have abandoned driving all together—an objective apparently sought by their tormentors as a means of increasing their isolation.

· Staged accidents.

The majority of those in touch with us have reported these types of experiences. One individual, for example, was tailgated at a high rate of speed by two vehicles, while concurrently being threatened with a gun by one of the vehicles’ occupants. Two others narrowly avoided what appeared to be deliberately attempted collisions by drivers who quickly sped away from the scene. One avoided three attempts in four days at being run off the road. One survived being run off the road in two incidents within a one-week period, which resulted in “totaling” of her two vehicles. Another narrowly avoided being crushed into an expressway retaining wall, on four occasions, by an off-duty metro bus, as well as, within the same time frame, being “fried” by two suddenly-malfunctioned household appliances which subsequently repaired themselves.

It should be noted that, in some of these cases, “accidental” deaths do occur. One individual in contact with us reported that his mother drove off a cliff to her death, during a period when he was researching evidence that a still-respected, high level State Department official had passed A-bomb secrets to the Soviet Government during World War II. The accident occurred shortly after her car had undergone routine maintenance. She was returning from a dental appointment when the accident occurred. Witnesses state that it appeared that she had suddenly stepped on the accelerator before running off the road. The accident served to terminate this person’s research project.

We are also currently looking into the recent death of a woman in Lexington, MO, who was killed when the brakes on her tractor failed. We are informed that she had been collecting affidavits from persons who believe they are the targets of government harassment and experimentation when her “accident” occurred. We are also informed that those affidavits have disappeared.

Suicides might also qualify as “staged accidents,” particularly where “plausibly deniable” government involvement has been surfaced. We are currently looking into the recent suicide of a man in Trappe, PA, who, as early as 1981, had asked the FBI and CIA to intervene in his case. We have copies of that early correspondence. The man, a former U.S. Army radar technician, had a highly technical and—given the date of his correspondence—“precocious” grasp of the experimental objectives apparently being sought in his case. It is apparent from his correspondence that he had wanted to believe that the Soviets were conducting these experiments. The FBI and CIA, of course, did not intervene. We are informed that members of his family have also been targets of this experimentation.

· Isolation of the individual from members of his/her immediate family—virtually assured when highly focused forms of electronic harassment commence.

The exception to this is when elderly parents and young children in the family become targets for apparent purposes of intimidation. This situation has been reported in eight of our cases, to date.

One individual (driven to extremes of stress by ongoing electronic harassment focusing on her children) killed one child in an effort to protect her from further pain.[2] It appears that lasers were being used in this individual’s case. The targeting intensified after she called the Soviet Embassy to report the harassment, which she believed to be U.S. Government-sponsored. It became even more deadly when, in a further show of defiance, she then called the representative of the Iraqi Government to portray the U.S. Government’s war in the Middle East as “hypocritical.” She is now hospitalized in a midwestern psychiatric facility, where, apparently, the experimentation is now continuing.

(That psychiatric facility is in a State where a disproportionate number of complaints of electronic harassment are beginning to surface. It is also within range of a U.S. Air Force base which houses a “super secret” research facility. We are currently looking into information that spouses and children of persons employed on that USAF base may be the targets of involuntary experimentation involving directed-energy weapons technologies.)

Another individual, during a telephone conversation, was told by an employee of a local power company that, if she valued the lives of her children, she would drop her public opposition to the company’s installation of high power lines. Since receiving that threat, the individual’s 11-year-old daughter has been reduced to extremes of pain, resulting in her recurrent hospitalization for treatment of illnesses which cannot be diagnosed. It is now also apparent to this individual that her three-year-old son is on the receiving end of externally-induced auditory input. (DoE figures prominently in this case.)

· Progressive financial impoverishment, brought on by termination of the individual’s employment, and compounded by expenses associated with the harassment.

The majority of those now in contact with the Project—educated, white-collar professionals—have lost their jobs. Termination of employment in many of these cases involved prefatory harassment by the employer and co-workers, which coincided with the other overt forms of harassment discussed above.

The overt harassment tactics are being described as recurrent, non-sequential and overlapping. As noted above, the overt harassment continues even after the electronic harassment commences.

Failure of “Establishment” Support Systems
Those individuals who have tried to resolve their respective situations through resort to “establishment” channels have invariably encountered the following:

· Apathy, indifference and/or professed helplessness on the part of members of Congress and state legislators.

· Dismissal and/or attempted discrediting by psychiatrists who refuse to include the terms, “government harassment,” “mind-control experimentation” and “torture” in their vocabulary.

Several individuals, thinking that psychiatrists might help to alleviate the extreme stress associated with their harassment, were accorded “treatment” which clearly pointed to cooperation between their psychiatrists and members of the U.S. Intelligence community. One such psychiatrist, in fact, bragged about being a member of the U.S. Intelligence “inner circle,” informing our contact that her harassment was a “Pavlovian Experiment,” intended to “break” her.

· Lack of interest, courage and/or competency in legal circles.

Few of those in contact with us have been able to acquire legal assistance—not helped by their straitened financial circumstances. Most have found that few attorneys are willing to risk their careers by pursuing cases involving what is believed to be government-sponsored harassment and experimentation.

A few attorneys reportedly engaged in egregious violations of codes of professional conduct, in what appear to have been deliberate efforts at sabotaging our contacts’ cases. Subsequent attempts by two individuals at obtaining legal redress were met with stonewalling, obstruction, and high-level denials of wrongdoing.

· Refusal of the mass media to address this topic, except in those cases where suspected experimentees have been driven to the point of committing murder or suicide.

Such cases (particularly where an individual has claimed to be the victim of CIA-directed mind-control involving auditory input) are treated by the press as “curiosities.” An example of this is the individual who shot a Navy officer outside the Pentagon in mid-1991.[3] He claimed to be a victim of CIA mind control, involving auditory input. According to the press, “he worried ‘about being run over by trains’...” (ref. incident described in following paragraph). He is now permanently residing in a psychiatric facility. He, being institutionalized, and others in the preliminary stages of his predicament are no longer of interest to the media.

Another recent case which received short-lived press attention[4] involved a woman diagnosed as having “suffered from periods of confusion” who climbed over a fence onto a railroad track and walked into an oncoming train. Because the incident occurred in a community in which an unusually large number of these mind-control experiments have been reported, we are looking into the situation. The woman was reportedly “under a physician’s care” because of her “periods of confusion.” A family member described the physician to this investigator as “a psychiatrist.” We find that the alleged “psychiatrist” is a General Practitioner, otherwise non-accredited, practicing out of his home. We find also that the suicide may have been witnessed under peculiarly-timed circumstances by an alleged “homeless” person who has since disappeared. Needless to say, our interest has been whetted.

· Refusal and/or inability of local police to intervene.

The tendency of local police is to dismiss an individual’s complaints of government harassment as the ravings of a “fruitcake.” In one case, discussed above, it is apparent that one police officer is actively cooperating in the harassment. Some police agencies, while acknowledging the reality of the situation, hesitate to intervene in cases involving what they believe to be U.S. Intelligence. On a few occasions, certain police officials did attempt to intervene, based on what they perceived to be evidence of a systematic harassment/illegal surveillance campaign. Absent a clear mandate to prosecute “stalkers” acting under the aegis of U.S. Intelligence, the police obviously had their hands tied.

· Refusal of the FBI to intervene in any of the cases brought to our attention thus far.

FBI spokesmen do acknowledge that they have received a large number of requests for assistance from “mentally disturbed persons” who believe that they are being “zapped by radio waves” and/or “are hearing voices...” “from Mars, that is.”

In one case, an FBI spokesman reacted in an angry, defensive and bizarre fashion when our contact briefly alluded to PROJECT SLAMMER as possibly being related to her surveillance. (PROJECT SLAMMER is a CIA-funded study, managed by CIA and FBI behavioral scientist, which explores the “mental make-up” of alleged security risks, along with their family members and close associates. Participants in PROJECT SLAMMER include NSA, DIA, and Army, Navy and Air Force Intelligence.)

Until PROJECT SLAMMER was mentioned, the FBI spokesman’s approach in this case was to politely and redundantly explain that the law, as currently constructed, prevents the FBI’s intervening in this individual’s case. When she briefly pointed out that the surveillance activities might fall under the purview of PROJECT SLAMMER, the spokesman’s response was to abruptly and angrily declaim, “You don’t know who is conducting that surveillance! You don’t know if that is a state police surveillance! ...or a local police surveillance! It could be a totally unrelated operation! You don’t know who is conducting that surveillance! [etc., etc.]!”

It was apparent from this response that the FBI was at least acknowledging the existence of a surveillance, if in somewhat emotional fashion. The individual in question subsequently furnished acquired evidence to the local police, who made it clear that they are not participants in the surveillance which, based on the evidence, pointedly suggest that our contact is the target.

· Refusal or inability of the ACLU and Amnesty International to intervene.

Both organizations acknowledge receiving many complaints from persons claiming to be the targets of some type of electronic harassment. An ACLU spokes-woman characterized the complaints as appearing to be rational, except in a few cases. The complaints are not being investigated, she said, because of “limited resources.” We have to wonder, of course, why the ACLU could recently find resources to defend the rights of prostitutes and the Ku Klux Klan, yet remains incapable of intervening in cases such as we are now pursuing.

Amnesty International recently informed one of our contacts that they could not intervene in her case because their focus is on the U.S. Government’s treatment of prison inmates. While incarceration does appear to be one sought-for objective in these harassment/mind control experiments, we would like to think that protections by such organizations as Amnesty International can be achieved beforehand.

Related Covert Methodologies
The persons engaged in this harassment tend to become careless, possibly the result of arrogance born of an assumption that nobody can stop them. “Harassees” who have noted this carelessness have furnished us with the following insights into the covert side of these harassment activities.

· Impersonation of military officers.

One individual found that her next-door neighbor had claimed to be a military intelligence officer, assigned to a space technology unit in California, on year-long “TDY” (temporary duty) in the individual’s apartment building. It was subsequently determined that this alleged officer is not in fact a member of the U.S. Armed Forces; and that he had used this bogus status to acquire information from a major defense contractor. Our contact is certain that this person’s apartment was used as a base of harassment operations.

· Use of concealment devices, and emitters detected to date.

Several individuals and supportive associates report having seen some of the electronic devices being used in these harassment campaigns.

One saw electronic equipment concealed inside a false-front upright piano being moved out of her apartment building. She had previously noted that all of her surrounding neighbors had identical upright pianos in their apartments, not one of which was ever played.

Other suspected participants in the harassment may be concealing devices in oversized stereo speakers, measuring approximately 5' in height x 3' x 3'. Several of our contacts have noted the presence of such speakers in adjacent dwellings.

One individual was told by a resident of her building that her upstairs neighbor has “microwave ovens” in his bedroom and livingroom, but none in the kitchen.

Another individual, while standing outside, looked into her neighbor’s window to find that her bedroom appeared to be the target of a gray-colored, elongated box-like device, measuring approximately 1' in length x 5" in height (side view). A large, black-framed lens protruded from the end facing her window. The electrical cord, if any, was not visible from that vantage point. The equipment was being operated by a stranger in a three-piece suit, who appeared to be quite startled to find that he was being observed.

Another was given strong reason to believe that portable emitters are being concealed in oversized, extremely heavy, sometimes expandable “briefcases” for use in places of public assembly, such as meeting halls, auditoriums and restaurants. Smaller varieties are apparently being used on aircraft.

On one 3-hour flight, our contact noticed that the man sitting next to her seemed peculiarly intent on keeping the attaché case on his lap propped open with his fingertips, while he gazed “blankly” into the distance during the entire flight. She believed that she was being electronically harassed while on the flight (a common complaint, in most of the cases now being investigated).

Our contact reports that, when they prepared to land, the man opened his attaché case to hastily check its contents, thus disclosing the presence of a raised, built-in “concealment device” covering the entire bottom surface of the attaché case. The low-slung, lift-off cover did not appear to be capable of concealing a laptop computer. At one point during the flight —apparently aware that his “reverie” was inviting attention, —the man devoted approximately ten minutes to scribbling assorted entries on a sheet of lined paper, which he had placed on top of his briefcase two hours previously. He devoted roughly ten minutes to the effort (obviously preferring a pen to a laptop computer). His attaché case remained ajar during this process.[5]

One individual reports that mobile emitters may be installed in certain oversized, non-attributable medical emergency vehicles, possibly for eventual use in civil disturbances. Her unsuccessful attempts at following the “medical emergency” vehicle which had surfaced in her case ended with a high-speed chase.

The phony military intelligence officer, when recently moving out of our contact’s apartment building, was found to possess a device which resembles an oversized microwave oven, measuring approximately 4' in width x 2' in height x 2 1/2' in depth. A subsequent examination of his apartment revealed that he had tapped numerous additional lines into existing, in-house telephone and TV cables; and that he had gone to great pains to conceal a major excavation into one wall abutting the “harassee’s.” Judging from photographs taken immediately after this person’s departure, the wiring suggests that he was hooked by modem into a computer network, and that at least some of his electronic equipment was situated in a large walk-in closet, again abutting the “harassee’s.”

When the alleged officer moved out, his equipment (except for the oversized “microwave oven”) was packaged in boxes identifying the contents only as stereo components. During his year-long residency in this building, no sounds emanated from his apartment to indicate use of this “stereo” equipment.

· Use of modified license plates and vehicle look-alikes.

Some individuals have noted that their neighbors’ vehicles are periodically replaced (during peak periods of harassment) by others which qualify as “rough look-alikes.” The tags on these latter closely resemble those on the homeowners’ vehicles, with a difference being noted in only one digit or one letter. These modified plates appear to have been acquired through State DMV channels, thus suggesting government/intelligence agency involvement.

In one case, where the individual has obtained police assistance, tracking of one plate surfaced evidence of a drug connection. That plate rapidly disappeared from the vehicle in question, to be replaced by another, again bearing a one-letter modification.

· Use of neighbors’ residences as bases of operation and training.

One individual recently saw a team of “technicians” in the house behind hers—a consequence of the team’s failure to close the curtains and/or dim lighting when puttering around in the kitchen at 5:00 in the morning. The three men (strangers to this individual, all stripped down to their T-shirts) behaved as if they were unaware that they were being watched. Their observer had long suspected that this house was being used as a base of electronic harassment operations. The harassment had been ongoing throughout the night.

To provoke a response from these men, the individual eventually commented aloud on their activities. They responded immediately by turning the lights off and switching to the use of flashlights. Why they failed to close the curtains is unknown.

This individual is working with the police in an effort at ending this surveillance and harassment, with mixed results.

* * *

Another individual, paying a surprise visit to the apartment upstairs, overheard one of her own telephone conversations being played on a tape recorder inside that apartment. Lacking both a legitimate pretext to enter the apartment and the support of the building’s management personnel and/or the police, she was prevented from pursuing this further. Her upstairs neighbor is purportedly employed by Stanford University Hospital, in Stanford, CA.

The target of surveillance and harassment in this case is still also trying to recover from the effects of exposure to potentially lethal doses of radiation, administered in the 1970’s by a dangerously “incompetent” dentist. This might explain the involvement of alleged Stanford University Hospital personnel in her situation.

The government is on record as having experimented on unwitting U.S. citizens with radioactive materials during the 1970’s (and earlier).[6] The House Subcommittee on Energy and Commerce based their investigation into this matter on a 30-year accumulation of documents maintained by the Department of Energy. Under the circumstances, it will come as no surprise if it is ultimately found that DoE has been involved in this woman’s surveillance and harassment.

* * *

Another individual paid a surprise visit to the apartment immediately beneath hers, in an attempt to identify the source of a tremendous racket in her ventilation system. Standing outside the door, she could hear an individual moving around, a short distance from the door. She also heard the sound of rustling paper and the steady, sonar-like “pinging” of some type of electronic device. In response to her repeated knockings on the door, the person inside simply stopped moving about. The sound of rustling paper (perhaps a printout of some type) and the steady “...pin-ng! ...pin-ng!” sound continued. The occupant of this apartment resumed moving about only after it was (incorrectly) believed that our contact had departed the area. Typically, this situation could not be pursued further.

* * *

All of those who live in apartment buildings report unusual patterns of occupancy in the apartments surrounding their own; i.e., upstairs, downstairs and on all sides. They have become quite convinced—if only because of the highly focused nature of the symptoms being experienced—that these surrounding apartments are being used as bases of operation. Perhaps this encirclement facilitates studies of holographic human telemetries; or perhaps it is intended to increase the prospect of brain entrainment by electronic means (“entrainment” being one published objective sought in mind control experiments).[7]

In examining this situation more closely, a number of individuals have found that surrounding apartments are either permanently vacant, for unknown reasons, or that they have been “sub-let” by the original occupants to persons who are purportedly unknown to the buildings’ management personnel. In one case, the surrounding renters all list two residences in the local telephone book. Not one lives in the apartment building in question, though the address is identified as one of the renters’ places of residence. One individual suspects that the original occupants of apartments surrounding hers have simply been relocated to other apartments in the same (large) building. Another suspects that an adjacent apartment, which has been permanently rented to the U.S. Government for use by “visitors” is also being used as a base of operations.

One individual found that an immediate neighbor’s housemate has the same (unusual) name of a university professor who has engaged in extensive research on behalf of the government, studying the bioeffects of exposure to microwave radiation.

· Use of informants/agents provocateurs, frequently members of the opposite sex.

As noted in the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Interior and Insular Affair’s draft report, Alyeska Pipeline Service Company Covert Operation (July 1992), the Wackenhut Corporation’s Special Investigations Division adopted this tactic when pursuing Alyeska’s critics.

A number of individuals in touch with us report a range of experiences with new “friends” who—apparently posing as confidants—used acquired personalia to abruptly end these “friendships” under deliberately degrading and humiliating circumstances. When taken in the context of the ongoing surveillances and harassment, these exercises appear intended to heighten emotional trauma, perhaps to provoke an uncontrolled response and/or to enforce isolation.

· Misuse of covert intelligence personnel (possible former case officers).

One individual, while under contract to the U.S. Government, properly reported what he believed to be an approach by a hostile intelligence service. Within a few weeks, alleged U.S. Intelligence officers contacted this individual. In addition to questioning him about his background, these alleged intelligence officers asked that he keep in constant touch with them, particularly when planning to travel.

It soon became apparent that the alleged intelligence officers were intent only on forcing this individual to report to them as directed, and to account for his activities. He was not asked to assist the U.S. Government in any form of intelligence operation; he was not asked to execute any form of secrecy affirmation statement acknowledging the classified nature of these meetings; nor was he told why these meetings—involving a total of seven alleged case officers—were necessary.

When he began to balk at a continuation of this process, one of his “handlers” conveyed a threat, suggesting that his continued compliance might be “enforced.” Finally, when this individual adamantly refused to cooperate further, massive overt harassment commenced and is currently ongoing.

The operation (clearly intended to bully this individual into submissive compliance for purposes which are still unknown) involved crude tactics formerly prized by the KGB.

Whether or not legitimate U.S. Intelligence case officers were involved in this activity remains to be determined. Some private firms retain former U.S. Intelligence case officers for contracting out as “security specialist.” The founder and CEO of one such firm (Gerald P. Burke, The Parvus Company, Silver Spring, MD) has informed us that the activities of contract case officers are neither monitored nor subject to formal restraint.

· Use of psychotropic drugs by cooperative physicians.

Shortly after resigning from the CIA, one of our contacts underwent a range of experiences which suggested that she had been massively drugged. One of the alleged perpetrators, whom we have met, alternately claims to be employed by NASA and/or by a firm in Miami, handling, “microwave equipment.” NASA has no record of this person under the name furnished.

The “experimentee” ultimately sought the assistance of a psychiatrist, whom her parents had located as a referral. The psychiatrist treated her reported “flashbacks” by immediately placing her on a regimen of Stelazine, which quickly aggravated her condition. He also made comments to this individual which suggested that he had a foreknowledge of her situation, and that he was cooperating with U.S. Intelligence. On one occasion the psychiatrist intimated that our contact might be employable as an assassin; and he repeatedly urged her to move to Great Britain where, he said, she would be put in touch with an unidentified Member of Parliament.

Interestingly, he had a tremendous computer system in his office suite, which he explained as being connected by modem into a national level system which, in turn, connected into private residences. When showing her this equipment, this psychiatrist informed our contact that she had been “CAT scanned,” pointing out that she was the subject of the vast series of “A’s” and “B’s” being printed out by one of the many terminals at his disposal.

Our contact also found that this psychiatrist kept a military uniform in his closet which bore the rank and insignia of a three-star general.

The individual ultimately sought psychiatric support elsewhere. Her new psychiatrist, formerly employed by DoD, immediately put her on a regimen of Haldol Decanoate, Klonopin and Benzatropine. The combined effect of these drugs was loss of memory and a state of mind which, under other circumstances, might be diagnosed as Depersonalization or Dissociative Disorder. All three drugs proved to be highly addictive. Our contact, since severing contact with this psychiatrist as well, has finally successfully overcome the addiction.

* * *

Another individual—the one whose psychiatrist had informed her of her role in a “Pavlovian Experiment”—was subjected to attempted drugging by Trazodone, one of the strongest sedatives on the market. The psychiatrist in question kept no record of the individual’s outpatient visits, nor of her Trazodone prescriptions. Being unaware that the individual was not adhering to his regimen, the psychiatrist urged her to rapidly increase her dosage, renewing her 30-day prescription after a period of only 11 days.

Though aware of her heart condition, he failed to monitor her condition, dismissing her complaints of (electronically-induced) pains in her heart as inconsequential. Trazodone is known to aggravate heart conditions. Perhaps the intent was to have this individual succumb to a “heart attack” as the result of “imagined” government harassment. Neither the appropriate psychiatric society nor the FBI would touch this case.

* * *

Another individual (a clear target of retaliation) sought medical assistance to counter sudden massive headaches and recurrent attacks of vomiting—effects which can be produced by infrasound. The physician to whom she was referred (an alleged specialist in Internal Medicine) placed her on a combination of Compazine and Xanax, prescribing dosages which the Physicians’ Desk Reference warns against.

Compazine, in addition to being an anti-emetic, is used in the treatment of psychotic disorders. It can also cause tardive dyskinesia, an irreversible syndrome involving loss of motor control. Xanax is known to induce vomiting. Both drugs can lead to dependency and a worsening of the patient’s condition. The effects of all such drugs, in fact, can be mutated in high-energy fields, thus increasing the likelihood of adverse reactions.

We have recently found that this prescribing “physician” is not licensed to practice medicine in the State in which she has been practicing since at least 1989.

Our contact, being concerned about the long-term effects of Xanax and Compazine, consulted another physician in that same office. This physician immediately prescribed Prozac, failing to concurrently recommend that her patient discontinue the Xanax and Compazine prescriptions. When our contact refused to take any psychotropic drugs, the doctor became upset and asked, “Don’t you want to get well?”

This second physician is a licensed practitioner in Internal Medicine, with no background in Psychiatry. We have also found that she apparently refers her patients to yet a third physician in the office who claims to be a psychiatrist. She, too, is licensed to practice Internal Medicine, only. Her receptionist described this third physician as having a psychiatric “sub-specialty,” ... “as an internist.” The receptionist also informed us that this internist “is treating a number of psychiatric patients.”

On pursuing this further, we find that these physicians are in a small “medical group” which is not listed by specialty in standard regional telephone directories. The group bears the same name as one of the CIA’s most infamous recruited physicians (perhaps best described as “the Mengele of MKULTRA”).

The doctor’s offices are located in a bank building, which, we have found, is a favored hiding place for security-oriented businesses and government agencies. Two computer firms, co-located with an attorney who represents “Island Resort Development, Ltd.,” are situated immediately beneath the doctors’ offices. The prospect of our finding island resort developments within 500 miles of this attorney’s office is limited.

Our contact, being apprised of these findings, is seeking medical help elsewhere.

* * *

In two of our cases, urologists took it upon themselves to play the role of “psychiatrist”; i.e., they rendered psychiatric diagnoses and prescribed psychotropic drugs. One of these urologists, employed by The Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, prescribed Haldol, informing our contact that he perceived her to be “psychotic.” His efforts at getting a Clinic psychiatrist to confirm this diagnosis were unsuccessful. The psychiatrist, apparently a rare individual who subscribes to codes of medical ethics, found nothing wrong with this woman, even given the nature of her complaints. The urologist’s response to this was to issue his own Haldol prescription. Sensing that something was amiss, the woman refused to have the prescription filled.

* * *

Yet another individual ended up in the hands of a psychiatrist who, as a purported means of ending the stress associated with her harassment, offered to put her under hypnosis. She described the hypnotic state as “equivalent to floating” and (based on her overall experiences with this physician) has not ruled out the possibility that drugs may have been surreptitiously administered. The psychiatrist claimed to be interested in psychic phenomena and demonstrated an apparently remarkable ability to read this individual’s mind.

While in her “hypnotic state, the individual felt a sharp, painful pressure inside her nose, as if something were being shoved up her nostrils to the sinus cavities. She awoke to find blood pouring out of her nostrils. The psychiatrist casually dismissed this as owing to a probable cold.

Shortly after that experience, the individual began to hear loud tones in her head, followed in due coarse by auditory input. Brain scans have failed to yield evidence of an implanted device. (We have recommended that she undergo a scan by means of a suitably adapted non-linear junction detector, as a preliminary.) Suffice it to say, this individual has severed contact with the psychiatrist and is continuing to cope with ongoing overt and electronic harassment by other non-medical means.

· Use of medical implant devices.

The situation just described is not our first encounter with the apparent use of medical implant devices in these harassment/mind-control cases. Another of our contacts began receiving auditory input roughly 15 years after she had 4 mm. cochlear implants placed in her ears. The “voices” claimed to be affiliated with the CIA and, among other things, expressed intentions of running this woman as an agent in denied areas by “piggybacking” their audio transmissions onto standard FM frequencies to avoid detection.

We have been unable to locate the surgeon who implanted these devices, though we do have a copy of his operative reports. A recent CAT scan of this individual failed to disclose the presence of the cochlear implants.

Several years ago, the individual (now a psychologist) applied for a position with the CIA. She was interviewed by four Langley-based, purported psychologist, who allegedly informed her that her job would involve the assessment of certain criminals for purposes of weighing their prospects for loyalty to this agency.

During these interviews, she was told to read several books by such persons as Philip Agee, Stansfield Turner and Ralph McGehee, all of whom were unknown to her. The alleged psychologist claimed that these authors had described the CIA “as it really is.” Our contact was not asked to execute a secrecy affirmation statement acknowledging the classified nature of these proceedings.

The unconventional manner of this interview process suggests that this individual was being toyed with, for reasons which remain to be determined. She did not get the job and in fact more recently lost her job with a state penitentiary. She was fired on the recommendation of the prison’s psychiatrist, because of her insistence that she is receiving auditory input from CIA personnel who persist in feeding her classified information.

Interestingly, though this individual was deemed unfit to function as a psychologist in the penitentiary system, the State has rehired her, assigning her to a mental health facility where, apparently, she is to develop a behavioral modification program for retarded adults with diagnosed mental illnesses.

This individual claimed to be receiving and responding to externally-induced auditory “advice” while working with prison inmates. It may be presumed that the process will continue. Under the circumstances, we have to wonder if this case qualifies as a benchmark in mind-control experimentation; i.e., employment of a mind-controlled psychologist to run the equivalent of mind-control experiments on mentally-ill retarded adults. We will continue to monitor the situation.

* * *

The individual whom we previously identified as having challenged a local power company also appears to have been “tagged” by some type of implant device. During a recent symposium, she was approached by a man whose business card identifies him as “Program Manager, Electromagnetic Radiation Division,” DoE. His approach was suitably sympathetic. Our contact ultimately accepted the man’s invitation to continue discussing their common ranges of interest in his hotel room. During this meeting, she accepted the offer of a drink, blacked out after consuming it, and awoke four hours later, still in this man’s hotel room, to find that the back of her ear had been punctured and was bleeding. There was no evidence of a sexual assault. The man glibly evaded this woman’s requests for an explanation. She has since found two adjacent puncture marks behind her ear, which are not healing properly, and between which she can feel the presence of a “wire” measuring approximately 1/4" in length. We are pursuing this further.

The said DoE Project Manager has more recently initiated contact with yet another activist in touch with this Association. His call was unsolicited. He apparently wanted to know if this woman would be attending an upcoming conference. We have warned the individual to avoid any form of private meeting with the said Project Manager.

* * *

To date, we are aware of three cases involving clandestine behavior on the part of alleged DoE employees. The CIA figures prominently (if peculiarly) in the majority of our other cases. Two of those have been discussed above.

In another, also involving auditory input, the individual is certain that the current Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) participated in the “voice transmission” process on at least one occasion. She claims to have recognized his voice. When she commented aloud on the DCI’s perceived involvement in this experimentation, the “voice” responded with stuttered and stammered denials. We are told that this particular “voice” has not been heard from since.

* * *

In yet another case involving auditory input, the individual has allegedly been informed by her “voices” that the technologies being used against her were stolen from the CIA by a maverick employee, whose group is now targeting her from a distance of 2,000 miles. She reported this to the DCI’s office and was allegedly informed by the Deputy DCI that she will be awarded millions of dollars if she can produce the equipment and any of the personnel involved in her harassment.

One unusually-candid CIA spokesman also allegedly informed this individual that, “while the CIA does not deny having this equipment,” they “do not use it in this country.” Perhaps this explains why a number of our contacts have also been electronically harassed while traveling overseas.

This woman has also been repeatedly assured by CIA DDS (security) personnel of the Agency’s sincere concern for her welfare. During a recent telephone conversation with that Office, we confirmed that she is indeed known to the CIA. Based on this, we asked that the Agency “put its money where its mouth is,” so to speak, by conducting a long-term electronic sweep of this individual’s premises. That was two months ago. No sweep has been conducted, though CIA spokesmen continue to “sympathize” with her predicament.

* * *

Another individual, a target of harassment and experimentation since 1952 (apparently singled out because of his student activism while at Penn State University) began hearing “voices” after having most of his teeth capped. He has more recently been informed by his “handlers” that implanted devices are no longer used for purposes of inducing auditory input. No explanation was offered. He was quite visibly surprised when informed by this investigator that auditory input can be achieved solely by means of pulsed microwave audiograms (discussed in Part I of this report).

This individual’s “handlers” allegedly have also stated that their experiments on U.S. citizens are in pursuit of a variety of objectives; viz.,

(1) develop an effective means for creating a perfect, “robotized” soldier;

(2) alter individual sexual preferences, such as by turning heterosexuals into homosexuals (they allegedly claim to be having “difficulties” reversing the process): and

(3) enhance or destroy levels of academic achievement, at will, such as by degrading the performance of otherwise brilliant students, and by drastically improving the performance of poor students.

Given the technology at the government’s disposal and a predisposition on the part of certain governmental agencies to “play God” in experimental fashion with citizens’ lives, these purported projects do not come across as being totally far-fetched.

* * *

Another case involves a woman whose experiences suggest that she, too, is an MKULTRA experimentee being kept on the books, so to speak. The woman, apparently a “pet” experimentee, found herself being introduced to a wide array of prominent individuals whose connections with the CIA she believed to be quite apparent. One of those she states, was Robert Jay Lifton, a well-known author and expert on brainwashing, whose books include The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (Basic Books, 1986).

Her experiences included a voluntary (“referral”) admission to Hollywood Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1973, during an era when MKULTRA experiments at the Alan Memorial Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, were only beginning to capture the attention of the U.S. Senate.[8]

More recently, in 1990, she was transported to New York University’s Cameron Medical Center, in Westchester, NY (under circumstances which qualify as an abduction), where she was forcibly wrestled to the ground by approximately six Center staffers and forcibly confined for a period of approximately three weeks. She was neither psychiatrically counseled nor formally tested while in that facility. The psychiatrists assigned to her case appeared more intent on forcing her to take a combination of neuroleptic drugs, to include Haldol, Navane, and Cogentin. (Haldol and Navane can cause tardive dyskinesia.) She resisted those attempts.

A court ultimately ordered this woman released from the Center, stipulating that she was not to be administered drugs. On subsequently acquiring her medical records, under conditions which prevented censoring or doctoring of those records, she found that her psychiatrists had planned to inject her with drugs (in defiance of the court order) on the day of her release. As luck would have it, she was released a day early.

This woman states also that she has met Budd Hopkins, of the Intruders Foundation, and that she had a long-term, confiding relationship with John E. Mack, Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, and founding Director of the Center for Psychological Studies in the Nuclear Age (previously named, Research Program for the Study of Human Continuity; and, still previously, rumored to have cooperated with the CIA in studies of “human ecology”).

At one point in their relationship, Professor Mack apparently accompanied this woman to a “support group” meeting of UFO abductees, who, she observed bemusedly, “spent their time comparing [extraterrestrially] implanted devices.” Professor Mack is on record as promoting the perception that UFO abductions are legitimate.[9]

We frankly doubt that extraterrestrials who have a means to commute intergalactically would stoop to implanting comparatively primitive devices in human beings. However, should it be proved that the psychiatrist, surgeon and DoE Project Manager discussed above are extraterrestrials posing as humans, we will be happy to weigh that information. If it is similarly established that the vehicular “abduction” of the woman discussed above was the work of an extraterrestrial named Kaplan, who is posing as a human with Cornell Medical Center connections, we will be happy to ponder that as well.

In the meantime, it would seem reasonable that the government would want the public to believe that extraterrestrial visitations are on the upswing. Mind-altering drugs, externally-induced auditory input, holographic projections (also a DoD capability),[10] appropriately focused directed-energy targeting, device implantations, special effects and abductions are all within this government’s capabilities and can be used for purposes of creating illusions of UFO experiences. Persons not cognizant of this might be more inclined to fall for the UFO mythologies now being officially “legitimized.”

* * *

Other cases, possibly involving U.S. Navy Intelligence, NSA, the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and, peripherally, members of former Soviet Bloc intelligence services will be discussed in future reports.

Harassment Objectives
In his book, Psychiatry and the CIA: Victims of Mind Control, Dr. Harvey Weinstein quotes the following passage from a book entitled, Battle for the Mind: A Physiology of Conversion and Brainwashing, by William Sargant (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1957):

“By increasing or prolonging stresses in various ways, or inducing physical debilitation, a more thorough alteration of the person’s thinking processes may be achieved. ...If the stress or the physical debilitation, or both, are carried one stage further, it may happen that patterns of thought and behavior, especially those of recent acquisition, become disrupted. New patterns can then be substituted, or suppressed patterns allowed to reassert themselves; or the subject may begin to think or act in ways that precisely contradict his former ones.

“‘...If a complete sudden collapse can be produced by prolonging or intensifying emotional stress, the cortical slate may be wiped clean temporarily of its more recently implanted patterns of behavior, perhaps allowing others to be substituted more easily.’”

Dr. Weinstein then comments: “The parallel with [Dr. Ewen] Cameron’s theory of differential amnesia is striking, and the relationship to brainwashing is abundantly clear.”[11] Dr. Cameron, employed by McGill University’s Allan Memorial Institute in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, between 1943 and 1964, conducted brainwashing experiments upon select, non-volunteer psychiatric patients on behalf of the CIA. Dr. Weinstein’s father was one of Cameron’s victims.

Sargant’s theorems and Cameron’s associated experimental findings appear to be the driving force behind the harassment and experimentation now being reported to this Association. All of these individuals are being subjected to a series of overlapping circumstances which apparently are meant to induce and sustain long-term extremes of stress. All of these individuals have been effectively isolated. Unethical psychiatrists and physicians are involved in the majority of these cases. Mind-altering prescription drugs are being used for clearly non-therapeutic purposes. Evidence of LSD use is also beginning to surface (one of Cameron’s favored mind-altering substances). And “psychic driving” techniques—Cameron’s pet brainwashing method—are involved in all these cases, to a much greater and more potentially effective degree where auditory input is involved.

The long-term objectives of these harassment and experimentation campaigns appear to be quite fundamental; viz.,

(1) induce a sense of perverted “loyalty” toward the very agencies engaged in the individual’s harassment, to confuse his or her priorities where the possibility of obtaining legal redress might be concerned;

(2) redirect the targeted individual’s feelings of hopelessness, anger and frustration toward racial and ethnic groups, and toward select, prominent political figures, to include the President of the United States; and

(3) force the individual to commit an act of violence, whether suicide or murder, under conditions which can be plausibly denied by the government.

An operation’s ultimate success apparently hangs on this latter objective. We have successfully obstructed this process in a number of cases now being investigated.

The “Stalker” Phenomenon
In recent weeks, considerable publicity has been given the trauma suffered by victims of “stalkers” (persons who obsessively surveil, harass and, in some cases, kill targeted individuals for assorted, unfathomable reasons). Movie stars who have been stalked recurrently make the news. Stalking, as a problem, is in fact becoming widespread, to the point where, in some States, the activity has finally been specifically proscribed by law.

The individuals in contact with our Association are reporting the same terrifying ranges of experiences as are now being reported in the press on behalf of other victims of stalkers. The only difference in the cases reported to us is that the stalkers operate in groups over extremely prolong periods of time, and (it would appear) with the blessing of certain agencies of the U.S. Government. The laws being passed to protect victims of stalkers are clearly being selectively applied. We hope to put an end to this situation; that is, in addition to achieving the objectives discussed above.

It should be noted that the FBI, though unwilling to intervene in the cases described above recently intervened on a massive scale to protect Joy Silverman, a Bush-appointed trustee of the J.F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, from the ardent “stalkings” of her estranged paramour, Sol Wachtler, Chief Justice, Court of Appeals for the State of New York.[12]

Wachtler had apparently threatened to kidnap Silverman’s daughter if not paid $20,000. Since no kidnapping had occurred, and the case qualified merely as an attempted extortion, a question arises as to why the New York State Police could not have handled this investigation. Mrs. Silverman resides in New York.

It would appear that the FBI devoted more than 100 agents and technicians to the effort, resolving the case within approximately 30 days. On November 7, 1992, the day of his arrest, Wachtler ran a gauntlet of 80 FBI special agents on the Long Island Expressway. Apparently the FBI does not have enough to do, if staking out a lone stalker is their top priority. We have to wonder, of course, if the FBI’s massive response was prompted by what was perceived to be Wachtler’s usurpation of governmental stalking prerogatives.

Mrs. Silverman’s $300,000 donations to Republican Party causes could be considered a basis for the FBI’s solicitous concern for her welfare. It would appear, under the circumstances, that the “stalking victims” discussed above—being by now quite poverty-stricken—should abandon all hope of FBI intervention in their respective situations. FBI protection appears to have a price tag, which not one of our contacts can afford.

There can never be any justification for torture. It creates an escalation of violence in the internal affairs of states. It spreads like a contagious disease from country to country. It has lasting effects on the mental and physical health of the victim and brutalizes the torturer. It is our fundamental duty as human beings to express what is surely the conscience of humanity and to eradicate this evil.

[Amnesty International, February 1990, in the context of the U.S. Government’s continuing failure to ratify the U.N. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, dated December 10, 1984]

Footnotes

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* 71 (7-30-93)

* 59 (7-30-93)

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[1] Peters, Edward, Torture, Basil Blackwell, Inc., New York/London, 1985.

[2] The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, OH, June 28, 1991, p. 4-B (“Psychiatrist Testifies at mom’s Hearing”); November 6, 1991, (“Woman Ruled Competent for Trial”); and December 21, 1991, p. 4-C (“Ruling Expected Monday on Sanity of Parma Mother/Woman says she stabbed her 3 children to protect them”).

[3] The Washington Post, June 1, 1991, p. C-I (“‘Voices’ Led to Tragedy for 2 Men/Pentagon Suspect’s Mother Says Institutions Should Have Held Son”) and December 14, 1991, p. D- 3 (“Suspect in Pentagon Killing Is Found Unfit to Stand Trial”).

[4] The Washington Post, September 4, 1992, p. D-3 (“Freight Train kills Woman Near Home in Silver Spring”).

[5] Jane’s Security and Co-In [Counter-Insurgency] Equipment, (Surrey, UK, 1991-92), as a preliminary source, contains a number of references to attaché-case concealment devices, for use in surveillance/communications operations. The electronic components are built into the bottom interior of these cases. Obviously the man just described could not have carried a “microcircuitried” attaché case aboard a U.S. airliner without first clearing Security. We are advised by a former CIA DDS (Security) employee that credential-carrying members of U.S. Intelligence can bypass airport security checks of their carry- on luggage.

[6] St. Paul Pioneer Press Dispatch, October 15, 1986, p. 1-A (“U.S. Used Humans for Radiation Guinea Pigs”).

[7] See, for example, Weinstein, Harvey M., M.D., Psychiatry and the CIA: Victims of Mind Control, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, D.C., 1990; Marks, John, The Search for the “Manchurian Candidate”: The CIA and Mind Control, Times Books, New York, 1979; Delgado, Jose M. R., M.D., Physical Control of the Mind: Toward a Psychocivilized Society, Harper & Row, New York, 1969; and Hutchison, Michael, Megabrain: New Tools and Techniques for Brain Growth and Mind Expansion, Ballantine Books, New York, 1986.

[8] According to a Vancouver Sun archivist, Hollywood Hospital, Ltd. (a privately-owned institution), went out of business in 1975, two years after this woman’s hospitalization and after approximately 30 years of doing business. The event coincided with findings by the U.S. Senate Church Committee concerning the CIA’s brainwashing experiments under MKULTRA. Our contact also identified the Director of Hollywood Hospital as Dr. Ross MacLean—information also confirmed by the Vancouver Sun. Nothing in these records, copies of which are being obtained, points to CIA involvement with the hospital. Perhaps a portion of history has been overlooked. Cornell Medical Center’s role in MKULTRA is a matter of public record. (See, for example, Thomas, Gordon, Journey Into Madness: The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse, Bantam Books, New York, 1989).

[9] The Roper Organization, Unusual Personal Experiences: An Analysis of the Data from Three National Surveys, (Bigelow Holding Corp., Las Vegas, NV, 1991. Contributors lending “credibility” to this publication include John Mack and Budd Hopkins.

[10] Defense Week, October 19, 1992, Vol. 13, No. 41, pp. I and II, (“Pentagon, State [Department] Collaborate on Counterterror Gear”).

[11] Op. cit., Weinstein, pp. 140-141.

[12] The Washington Post, November 10, 1992, p. A-I (“An Unlikely Suspect for Scandal/Top N.Y. Judge Accused of Breaking Law in Secret Life”).